Evaluation of an Antibiotic Regimen Pharmacokinetic Applicable to Enterococcus Faecalis Infective Endocarditis

Overview

The clinical trial is designed as a phase II, crossover clinical trial. It will be carried out in healthy volunteers, who will receive two different antibiotic regimen based on ceftriaxone. One of the regimens had shown clinical effectiveness in this scenario, but it is not suitable for OPAT programs. In the other hand, a new treatment schema useful in OPAT programs is proposed, but there is still a lack of pharmacokinetic data to support it. The plasma drug concentrations will be measured in both cases, comparing the minimal drug concentration observed and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two regimens.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an uncommon but virulent infection disease. One of the most frequent etiology for this infection is Enterococcus faecalis. IE treatment is difficult due to the characteristics of the infection itself, the bacterial species and the frequent comorbidities of the patients. A bactericidal antimicrobial treatment is mandatory for the resolution of this disease, but most antibiotics do not exhibit this effect against E. faecalis and have prompted the combination of an aminoglycoside and a cell-wall active agent (generally a β-lactam) as the standard treatment. This is a lengthy treatment (4-6 weeks) and its primary side effect is nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, aminoglycoside resistant strain's rates are increasing in USA and Europe, getting more complicated to establish an effective antibiotic regimen. Nowadays, patients with E. faecalis IE are old and often have significant underlying comorbidities with an increased risk of developing nephrotoxicity with aminoglycoside treatment. For this reason, and for the relevance of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant strains, some alternatives have been explored. A double β-lactam regimen is an option, despite the intrinsically resistance of E. faecalis to cephalosporins. The most studied combination is a regimen based on ampicillin plus ceftriaxone, which has shown a synergistic effect in vitro. This combination is as effective as ampicillin plus gentamycin, but with lower nephrotoxicity. Those patients need at least 4-6 weeks of treatment with a prolonged hospitalization. However, after 2 week of treatment some patients are clinically stabilized and could be benefit of an outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) program. For that purpose, it is essential to design a treatment regimen, which ensures the effectiveness and safety of the treatment, based on stability and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) studies of the administered drugs. Furthermore, the logistic and schedule should be simple enough to enable the inclusion in an OPAT program. In order to design an antibiotic regimen suitable for OPAT programs and as effective as the standard therapies for E. faecalis IE, we decided to start clinical trial. The clinical trial is designed as a phase II, crossover clinical trial. It will be carried out in healthy volunteers, who will receive two different antibiotic regimen based on ceftriaxone. One of the regimens had shown clinical effectiveness in this scenario, but it is not suitable for OPAT programs. In the other hand, a new treatment schema useful in OPAT programs is proposed, but there is still a lack of pharmacokinetic data to support it. The plasma drug concentrations will be measured in both cases, comparing the minimal drug concentration observed and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two regimens.