Botulinum Toxin Pyloroplasty to Reduce Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Sleeve Gastrectomy

Overview

A common problem following sleeve gastrectomy surgery is called postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This problem is uncomfortable for patients, and can also lead to other complications, including pneumonia. It is unclear what exactly causes this problem, but it may be partly caused by slow emptying of the stomach. The current treatments for PONV include medications, but these may only treat the symptoms. Botulinum toxin (BTX, brand name Botox®), produced naturally by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and adapted for medical use, is an neurotransmitter inhibitor of the neuromuscular junction, and produces temporary muscular paralysis. BTX is widely used in cosmetic and other medical applications. Injecting BTX into the pylorus, which is the circular sphincter muscle at the end of the stomach, temporarily paralyzes the muscle, leaving it wide open, and allowing stomach contents to flow through. This effect lasts for several weeks, and then goes away. This may help prevent PONV.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains a common complaint after bariatric surgery such as the sleeve gastrectomy, where the prevalence is estimated to be as high as 60-80%. PONV is frequently of greater concern to patients than postoperative pain, decreasing patient satisfaction and the perioperative experience. In addition, PONV increases the risk for aspiration, dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, incisional dehiscence, esophageal injury, and other adverse events. Finally, PONV delays postoperative diet resumption and increases hospital length of stay. Numerous medication regimens have been tried to reduce PONV after sleeve gastrectomy, with varying success. A procedure called Botulinum toxin pyloroplasty (BP), which involves injection of botulinum toxin into the muscular sphincter at the end of the stomach, called the pylorus, has been demonstrated to improve gastric emptying. The investigators hypothesize that intraoperative BP during sleeve gastrectomy will decrease rates of PONV. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox®), produced naturally by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and adapted for medical use, is an inhibitor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, producing flaccid muscular paralysis. The effects of Botox® injection are temporary and reversible, and its duration of action ranges from weeks to months. Botox® injection has been widely used in many contexts, most familiarly during office-based cosmetic procedures and also in disorders such as torticollis, spasticity, hyperhidrosis, bladder overreactivity, and dystonias. It has been used endoscopically to relieve achalasia and dysphagia by injection into the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterologists have reported successful treatment of gastroparesis using BP, by relieving the tonic contraction of the pylorus and increasing gastric transit time. Postoperative endoscopic BP has been utilized to improve gastroparesis following gastrectomy. The use of BP during bariatric surgery has not been reported. This proposal represents the first study to evaluate the use of intraoperative BP to decrease PONV after sleeve gastrectomy. This technique involves pyloroplasty following completion of the robot-assisted laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. The investigators mix 100 units of Botox® powder in 10ml of saline. Using the robot, the investigators inject the pylorus laparoscopically using an 18-gauge, 0.5-inch laparoscopic needle. Meanwhile, an assistant surgeon intubates the stomach with an endoscope, which the investigators use to assess the gastric staple line and perform a leak test. Prior to injection of Botox® into the pylorus, the investigators confirm endoscopically that the tip of the needle is not intraluminal. After first aspirating to ensure the needle is intramuscular and free from any vascular structures, the investigators then inject the pylorus with approximately 5ml of Botox®. Proper placement of the injection is confirmed by visualizing a rising weal. The anterior, superior, and inferior aspects of the pylorus are injected with approximately 5-6 injections of 1ml each. The posterior aspect of the pylorus is not injected, since this is not readily accessible from a laparoscopic approach, and also contains the major vascular structure of the pylorus, the gastroduodenal artery. This technique has been performed at Albany Medical Center institution more than 200 times over the past four years. The Albany Medical Center Bariatric Center as participated in the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation for 10 years, and so has collected comprehensive and granular data on complication rates and surgical outcomes. Analysis of this data demonstrates that enteric use of Botox® is safe.