The investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to examine group education visits as an innovative and potentially cost-effective approach to transition care delivery, that can be easily integrated into usual diabetes care. Among emerging adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D), the investigators aim to assess the effect of group education visits integrated into pediatric care, compared with usual care on Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), adverse outcomes and psychosocial measures after the transfer to adult care. The investigators will conduct a multi-site, parallel group, blinded (outcome assessors, data analysts), superiority Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of adolescents with T1D (17 years of age) followed at one of the two university teaching hospital-based pediatric diabetes clinics in Montreal. Interventions will occur over 12-months. Follow-up will be to 24 months from enrollment.
Rationale. The transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care is a challenging period for adolescents and emerging adults (ages 18-30 years) with type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is characterized by a deterioration in glycemic control (Hemoglobin A1c \[HbA1c\]), decreased adherence to self-management tasks and to clinic attendance and an increased risk of adverse outcomes. The investigators propose to examine group education visits as a potentially cost-effective approach. In emerging adults with T1D, the investigators hypothesize that group education visits, as compared with usual care, will result in better HbA1c, less adverse outcomes and better psychosocial outcomes after the transfer to adult care. Primary Aim. To determine the impact of group educations visits, compared with usual care, on HbA1c after the transfer to adult care. Secondary Aims. 1. To determine the impact of group education visits, compared with usual care, on time between last pediatric and first adult T1D visit (gap \> 6 months), emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations, severe hypoglycemic events, stigma, self-efficacy, disease knowledge, transition readiness, quality of life (QOL) and diabetes distress, after the transfer to adult care. 2. To determine the cost-effectiveness of group education visits. Methods. The investigators will conduct a multi-site, parallel group, blinded (outcome assessors, data analysts), superiority Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of adolescents with T1D (17 years of age) followed at one of the two university teaching hospital-based pediatric diabetes clinics in Montreal. Patients will be recruited over 24 months. Interventions will occur over 12-months. Follow-up will be to 24 months from enrollment. Allocation will be concealed with a 1:1 intervention to control ratio . Visits in the active arm will consist of a group education session followed by an individual appointment with the diabetes care physician every 3-months. The group education session, facilitated by a diabetes nurse educator or dietitian, will consist of a patient-driven discussion on topics relevant to adolescents with T1D. Patients in the control group, will have in parallel with the intervention group, individual appointments with their diabetes provider as per usual care. The primary outcome is the change in HbA1c measured at 24 months (HbA1c measured at 24 months - HbA1c measured at baseline). Secondary outcomes are delays in establishing adult T1D care (Y/N), T1D-related hospitalizations and ED-visits (rates/P-Y), severe hypoglycemic events, stigma, self-efficacy, diabetes knowledge, transition readiness, diabetes distress, and QOL. Assessments are at baseline, 12 and 24 months . Analysis will be by intention to treat. Outcomes will be calculated and compared between the two trial arms using differences with 95% Confidence Intervals, along with a cost-effectiveness analysis.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
212
≥3 group education sessions in addition to usual diabetes care, every 3 months for 12 months
Usual diabetes care, every 3-month for 12 months
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre (MUHC)
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Hemaglobin A1c (HbA1c)
HbA1c will be measured using an A1c Test Kit, which is a non-fasting, finger stick, whole blood test
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Delay in establishing adult Diabetes Care (gap in care>6 months)
Delay greater than 6 months (Y/N) between the last Diabetes Care visit with a pediatric care physician and the first Diabetes Care visit with an adult care physician will be derived from the Physician Service Claims Database (RAMQ) and medical record chart
Time frame: 24 months
Delay in establishing adult Diabetes Care (days)
Time in days between the last Diabetes Care visit with a pediatric care physician and the first Diabetes Care visit with an adult care physician will be derived from the Physician Service Claims Database (RAMQ) and medical record chart
Time frame: 24 months
Diabetes-related hospitalizations
Any diabetes-related hospitalizations in the past 12 months, expressed as number of hospitalizations per person-years (P-Y) at risk will be derived from the Hospital Discharge Database (Med-Echo) and medical record chart
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Diabetes-related emergency department visits
Any diabetes-related emergency-department visits in the past 12 months, expressed as number of emergency department visits per person-years (P-Y) at risk will be derived from the Physician Service Claims Database (RAMQ) and medical record chart
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Severe hypoglycemic events
Any patient-reported severe hypoglycemic events in the past 12 months
Time frame: 0,12, 24 months
Stigma
Presence of stigma defined as an affirmative response to at least one of 3 key items on the Barriers to Diabetes Adherence in Adolescence (BDA) questionnaire stigma subscale (score \>2 on a 5-point Likert-type scale)
Time frame: 0,12, 24 months
Self-efficacy
Self-efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management Measure (SEDM) assesses self-efficacy. The score ranges from 1 to 10. All item scores are averaged to compute the score. A higher score represents a better outcome.
Time frame: 0,12, 24 months
Diabetes knowledge
L'Aide aux Jeunes Diabétiques Diabetes Knowledge and Skills Questionnaire assesses diabetes knowledge. The score ranges from 0 to 50. The number of correct items are summed to compute the score. A higher score represents a better outcome.
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Transition readiness
Am I ON TRAC? For Adult Care Questionnaire (Youth Version of Questionnaire) measures transition readiness. Scores range from 13 to 64 on the Knowledge Scale. Item scores are summed to compute the Knowledge Scale score. Higher scores on the Knowledge Scale represent a better outcome. Raw scores range from 8 to 45 on the Behaviour Index. Item scores are summed to compute the raw scores on the Behaviour Index. Higher raw scores on the Behaviour Index represent a better outcome. Cut-off scores range from 0 to 9 on the Behaviour Index. Threshold scores are summed to compute the cut-off scores on the Behaviour Index. Higher cut-off scores on the Behaviour Index represent a better outcome.
Time frame: 0, 12 months
Diabetes distress
Diabetes Distress Scale for Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1-DDS) measures diabetes-related distress. The Total Score ranges from 1 to 6. All item scores are averaged to compute the Total Score. A higher Total Score represents a worse outcome. Scores range from 1 to 6 on the 7 Subscales (1. Powerlessness, 2. Management Distress, 3. Hypoglycemia Distress, 4. Negative Social Perceptions, 5. Eating Distress, 6. Physician Distress, 7. Friend/Family Distress) and Screener. Item scores are averaged to compute the Subscale and Screener scores. Higher Subscale and Screener scores represent a worse outcome.
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Quality of life (Generic Core)
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Generic Core Scale assesses Health-Related Quality of Life. Scores are transformed on a scale from 0 to 100. The Scale Scores (Physical Functioning, Emotional Functioning, Social Functioning, and School Functioning) range from 0 to 100. To create Scale Scores, the mean is computed as the sum of the items over the number of items answered. Higher Scale Scores represent a better outcome. To create the Psychosocial Health Summary Score, the mean is computed as the sum of the items over the number of items answered in the Emotional, Social, and School Functioning Scales. The Physical Health Summary Score is the same as the Physical Functioning Scale Score. The Total Scale Score ranges from 0 to 100. To create the Total Scale Score, the mean is computed as the sum of all the items over the number of items answered on all the Scales. A higher Total Scale Score represents a better outcome.
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Quality of life (Diabetes Module)
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Diabetes Module assesses diabetes-specific quality of life. Scores are transformed on a scale from 0 to 100. The Scale Scores by Dimension (About My Diabetes, Treatment-I, Treatment II, Worry, and Communication) range from 0 to 100. To calculate Scale Scores by Dimension, the mean is computed as the sum of the items over the number of items answered. Higher Scale Scores represent a better outcome. To calculate the Total Score, the mean is computed as the sum of all the items over the number of items answered on all the Scales. A higher Total Score represents a better outcome.
Time frame: 0, 12, 24 months
Cost effectiveness (HbA1c)
Cost-effectiveness of group education visits compared with usual care in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for HbA1c
Time frame: 12 and 24 months
Cost effectiveness (QOL)
Cost-effectiveness of group education visits compared with usual care in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for QOL
Time frame: 12 and 24 months
Cost effectiveness (self-efficacy)
Cost-effectiveness of group education visits compared with usual care in terms of incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for self-efficacy
Time frame: 12 and 24 months
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