The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of ingesting a low glycemic whey protein energy bar prior, during and following resistance exercise and conditioning on performance and recovery.
Fit-joy is a commercially available food bar marketed as having a low glycemic index and being relatively high in dietary fiber. The fiber contained within this product is isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) which is a food ingredient with a relative sweetness level equal to approximately 60% of sucrose. Chemically, IMO is a mixture of glucose oligomers with alpha - (1-6) - linkages. Short and hard exercise produces muscle damage and soreness. The Fit-joy bar contains whey protein that previous research in the investigator's lab showed may be able to decrease the muscle damaging effects of exercise while also helping with muscle growth. The purpose of this study will be to determine if eating a Fit-joy bar before and in the middle of a hard weight training workout will promote positive results during the workout and 48 hours after the workout.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
20
Active
Placebo
Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab - Human Clinical Research Facility
College Station, Texas, United States
Glucose Homeostasis: Glucose
Changes in serum blood glucose (mmol/L) obtained from venous blood draws and analyzed General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin
Changes in serum insulin (µIU/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and analyzed General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Glucose Homeostasis: Insulin to Glucose Ratio
Changes the insulin to glucose ratio obtained from venous blood draws and analyzed General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Exercise Glucose Response
Changes in arterialized-venous blood glucose (mmol/L) obtained from a dry finger and analyzed by General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean change from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured at baseline (0-min); 30-min post ingestion of supplement, midway (60-min) and following (90-min) resistance exercise, following sprint condition exercises (110-min), and following post-exercise assessments (130-min) during each treatment.
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Subjective rating of hypoglycemia
A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of hypoglycemia using the following scale: 0 (none), 1-4 (light), 5-6 (mild), 7-9 (severe), or 10 (very severe). Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of dizziness
A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of dizziness using the following scale: 0 (none), 1-4 (light), 5-6 (mild), 7-9 (severe), or 10 (very severe). Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of headaches
A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of headache using the following scale: 0 (none), 1-4 (light), 5-6 (mild), 7-9 (severe), or 10 (very severe). Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of fatigue
A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their perceptions of fatigue using the following scale: 0 (none), 1-4 (light), 5-6 (mild), 7-9 (severe), or 10 (very severe). Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of stomach upset
A subjective Likert scale that asked participants to rank the frequency and severity of their symptoms of stomach upset using the following scale: 0 (none), 1-4 (light), 5-6 (mild), 7-9 (severe), or 10 (very severe). Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of readiness to perform
A subjective Likert scale assessing readiness to perform on a visual analog scale (VAS) measured prior to supplementation, following exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise. The scale ranges from "1" - strongly disagree they are ready to perform to "5" - they strongly agree they are ready to perform. Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Subjective rating of pain
A subjective Likert scale that assessed perceptions of pain in response the application of a standard amount of pressure applied using an algometer and measured prior to supplementation, following exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise. The scale was a straight horizontal-line with no hash-markings only wording beneath the line, which read from left-to-right "no pain, dull ache, slight pain, more slight pain, painful, very painful, and unbearable pain". Participants were instructed to scribe one clear mark bisecting the line which represented their pain level the best for each of the three pressure application sites. A ruler was used to measure the participant's mark from the left-to-right in cm and was recorded in the data as such numerical value. Data will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Agility Performance Time
Time in seconds to perform 3 sprints around 4 cones for the Nebraska Agility Drill (NAD) with 30-seconds recovery. The tests were performed after completing the resistance exercise once during each treatment. Individual and cumulative performance times were assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing 60-min of resistance exercise during each treatment.
Sprint Performance Times
Measured as the time (in seconds) it takes to sprint three 40-yard dashes with 30-seconds recovery. The tests were performed after completing the resistance exercise once during each treatment. Individual and cumulative performance times will be assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing 60-min of resistance exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg extension torque
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Newton meters assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg extension force
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Newtons assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg extension power
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Watts assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg extension work
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Joules assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg flexion torque
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Newton Meters assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg flexion force
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Newtons assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg flexion power
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Watts assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Maximal voluntary muscle contraction (MVC) leg flexion work
Measured using a Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer and expressed in Joules assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation, following 30-min rest and 80-min of exercise, and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise during each treatment.
Markers of Catabolism: Blood Urea Nitrogen
Changes in serum blood urea nitrogen in mmol/L (BUN) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Catabolism: Creatinine
Changes in serum blood creatinine (umol/L) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Catabolism: Lactate Dehydrogenase
Changes in serum blood LDH (IUl/L) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Catabolism: Creatine Kinase
Changes in serum blood CK (IUl/L) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Catabolism: BUN/Creatinine Ratio
Changes in serum blood BUN/creatinine ratio obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Stress and Sex Hormones: Cortisol
Changes in serum blood cortisol (ug/dL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Stress and Sex Hormones: Testosterone
Changes in serum blood testosterone (ng/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Stress and Sex Hormones: Cortisol to Testosterone Ratio
Changes in the ratio of cortisol to testosterone obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interferon Gama (IFNy)
Changes in serum blood IFNy (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
Changes in serum blood IL-13 (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß)
Changes in serum blood IL-1ß (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interleukin-4 beta (IL-4)
Changes in serum blood IL-4 (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interleukin-6 beta (IL-6)
Changes in serum blood IL-6 (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Interleukin-8 beta (IL-8)
Changes in serum blood IL-8 (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.
Markers of Inflammation: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα)
Changes in serum blood TNFα (pg/mL) obtained from venous blood draws and assessed via General Linear Model multivariate and univariate analyses with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI's).
Time frame: Measured prior to supplementation (Pre), 30-min after ingestion of supplement and after performing the 80-min exercise bout (Post-Exercise), and after 48 hours of recovery from exercise bout (Recovery) during each treatment.