Interindividual Variation in Excretion of Curcumin

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-30 year old healthy adults Exclusion Criteria: * Exclusion criteria included those who are \<18 or \>30 years old, have a BMI of \<20 or \>29 kg/m2, have a weight change \>4.5 kg in the past 3 months, exceed exercise activities of a curcumin level over the past 3 months, have any diseases, especially intestinal disorders, had abnormal liver or kidney function tests. Those who smoke, consume more than two alcoholic drinks per day, use medication affecting gut microbiota profile (e.g., antibiotics and probiotics) in past three months will also be excluded. * Additionally, this study excludes menopausal women, those using hormone-based contraceptives, those with abnormal menstrual cycles, and those who are pregnant, lactating or planning to become pregnant.