Carfilzomib, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone in Treating Patients With High-Risk Multiple Myeloma

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients must meet the following criteria on screening examination to be eligible to participate in the study; all laboratory assessments should be performed within 28 days of initiation of protocol therapy unless otherwise specified; subject is, in the investigator's opinion, willing and able to comply with the protocol requirements * Subject has given voluntary signed written informed consent before performance of any study-related procedure that is not part of normal medical care, with the understanding that consent may be withdrawn by the subject at any time without prejudice to their future medical care * Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) ≤ 1 * Subject is a transplant-eligible patient that have undergone autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) within one year of their diagnosis and have achieved ≥ partial response (PR) based on International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) standard criteria * Patients with high risk disease defined as * Presence of del(17p); t(4;14); t(14;16); t(14;20) by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or by cytogenetics (CTG) * Plasma cell leukemia at diagnosis with ≥ 20% circulating plasma cells on peripheral blood * Subject agrees to refrain from blood donations during therapy on study and for 90 days after therapy is completed * Females of childbearing potential (FCBP) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test with a sensitivity of at least 50 milli-International units (mIU)/mL within 10-14 days prior to and again within 24 hours of starting pomalidomide and must either commit to continued abstinence from heterosexual intercourse or begin TWO acceptable methods of birth control, one highly effective method and one additional effective method AT THE SAME TIME, at least 28 days before she starts taking pomalidomide through 90 days after the last dose of study drug; FCBP must also agree to ongoing pregnancy testing; men must agree to use a latex condom during sexual contact with a FCBP even if they have had a vasectomy from the time of signing the informed consent form through 90 days after the last dose of study drug; all patients must be registered in and must comply with all requirements of the pomalidomide Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) program; male subjects should refrain from sperm donation for at least 90 days after the last dose of carfilzomib or pomalidomide * FCBP refers to sexually mature female, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who: 1) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 2) has not been naturally menopausal for at least 24 consecutive months Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosed with smoldering multiple myeloma (MM), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome, amyloidosis or standard risk myeloma or secondary plasma cell leukemia * High risk patients that did not achieve ≥ PR after stem cell transplant * Participant has ≥ grade 2 peripheral neuropathy on clinical examination within 21 days before initiation of protocol therapy * Creatinine clearance \< 30 mL/min (either actual or calculated value), within 21 days of initiation of protocol therapy; the Cockcroft-Gault formula should be used for calculating creatinine clearance values * Platelet count \< 75,000 cells/mm³ at time of screening evaluation; transfusion may not be used to meet platelet eligibility criteria within 7 days of obtaining screening evaluation * Participants with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \< 1000 cells/mm³ at time of screening evaluation; growth factors may not be used to meet ANC eligibility criteria within 14 days of obtaining screening evaluation * Participants with hemoglobin level \< 8.0 g/dL, at time of screening; transfusion may not be used to meet eligibility criteria within 7 days of obtaining screening evaluation * Bilirubin \> 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN), within 21 days of initiation of protocol therapy * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase \[SGOT\]), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase \[SGPT\]), or alkaline phosphatase \> 3 x institutional ULN, within 21 days of initiation of protocol therapy * Other ongoing or prior anti-myeloma therapy; patients may be receiving concomitant therapy with bisphosphonates and low dose corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone up to but no more than 10 mg p.o. once daily \[q.d.\] or its equivalent) for symptom management and comorbid conditions; doses of corticosteroid should be stable for at least 7 days prior to study treatment) * Known significant cardiac abnormalities including: * Congestive heart failure, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV * Uncontrolled angina, arrhythmia or hypertension * Myocardial infarction within the past six months * Any other uncontrolled or severe cardiovascular condition * Prior cerebrovascular event with residual neurologic deficit * Serious, intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, clinically relevant active infection, known active hepatitis B or C viral infection, known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, or serious co-morbid medical conditions such as chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, and cirrhosis * Any condition, including laboratory abnormalities, that in the opinion of the investigator places the subject at unacceptable risk if he/she were to participate in the study * Prior malignancy (within the last 5 years) except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, or in situ cervical cancer * Known hypersensitivity to acyclovir or similar anti-viral drug * Known intolerance to steroid therapy * Contraindication or prior intolerance to thromboembolic prophylaxis with aspirin, warfarin or low-molecular weight heparin * Participants with known central nervous system (CNS) disease * Poor tolerability or known allergy to any of the study drugs or compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to dexamethasone, boron or mannitol * Female participants pregnant or breast-feeding * Participants who have undergone major surgery ≤ 4 weeks prior to starting study drug or who have not recovered from side effects of the surgery * Participants with any significant history of non-compliance to medical regimens or unwilling or unable to comply with the instructions given to him/her by the study staff