Early Detection of Intra Operative Hypotension (IOH) During the Induction of General Anaesthesia

Overview

During general anaesthesia, intraoperative hypotension (IOH), defined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) drop of more than 20%, is frequent with potential deleterious effects for patients. Pulse oximeter is mandatory in the operating room making photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal and parameters such as the relative dicrotic notch height (Dicpleth) or the perfusion index (PI) readily available. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Dicpleth and PI could detect IOH during anaesthesia induction and follow their variations during vasopressor boluses.

Main objective Haemodynamic stability is a major issue in the management of patients during general anaesthesia. Anaesthetic drugs induce rapid and deep systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP) drop which leads to intra operative hypotension (IOH) episodes. IOH can cause deleterious consequences such as myocardial infraction, cerebral hypoperfusion or acute kidney injury. The major drawback of the oscillometric cuff is to measure ABP only at intermittent intervals. As ABP may vary quickly, especially during induction of anaesthesia, IOH should be detected in real time as even a short period of IOH may have deleterious consequences on vital organs. Digital photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive signal produced by light absorption variations due to pulsatile blood volume variations. Indices derived from PPG signals have been used successfully to characterize cardiovascular state in patients. Dicrotic notch height (Dicpleth), representing the relative height of the dicrotic wave compared to the maximum peak of the waveform, has been described as the amount of reflected wave, dependent of the vascular tone. Reduction in Dicpleth has been shown to be related to reduction of vascular tone due to vasodilator drugs such as salbutamol or glyceryl Trinitrate. Perfusion Index (PI) represents the ratio of the pulsatile light absorption (i.e the amount of blood ejected at each systole) on the continuous absorption (corresponding to the non-pulsatile vessels, bones and soft tissues). PI has been described as a reliable tool for vascular tone assessment and monitoring Primary Evaluation Criteria As Dicpleth and PI are both related to vascular tone and are easily derived from the PPG signal, Investigators aimed to explore whether the combined analysis of Dicpleth and PI variations would allow for early detection of IOH during the during a standardized propofol-remifentanil anesthesia induction. Estimate the correlations between variations of Dicpleth and MAP, and PI and MAP during induction of anaesthesia and during bolus of vasopressors. Estimate if a combined analysis of these two parameters enhanced diagnostic performance for detecting IOH under actions of vasoactive effect of anaesthetics. Experimental design This is a single-center, interventional, category II prospective study (minimal risks and constraints) Population concerned The study involves major patients who beneficiate from intraoperative hemodynamic optimization with norepinephrine (as noradrenaline tartrate) for maintaining blood pressure under general anaesthesia in interventional neuroradiology in adults. Research Proceedings Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, systolic arterial pressure \[SAP\], mean arterial pressure \[MAP\] and diastolic arterial pressure \[DAP\]), and PPG parameters (Dicpleth, PI and SpO2) will be retrospectively sampled every minute during induction. All monitoring parameters and curves displayed on the monitor will be recorded on a computer with ixTrend© software (ixellence, Wildau, Germany). Investigators defined "pre-pressor" values as the measures prior to the vasopressor bolus during IOH episodes. "Peak-pressor" values is defined as the maximum effects of vasopressor bolus, when the highest MAP is reached. In agreement with most studies, IOH is defined as a MAP drop of more than 20% from baseline MAP. In patients presenting a hypotensive episode, all parameters are collected before and at the peak effect of a 10µg bolus of norepinephrine Individual benefit: There is no benefit for the patient Collective benefit: As ABP may vary quickly, especially during induction of anaesthesia, IOH should be detected in real time as even a short period of IOH may have deleterious consequences on vital organs. The non-invasive combined analysis of Dicpleth and PI variations would allow for early detection of IOH during the induction of general anaesthesia. Risks and minimal constraints added by the research No added risk This clinical research work is "non-interventional" on adult patients who benefit from a neuroradiological intervention. All measures are obtained non-invasively. During their interventional neuroradiology procedure, all patients' routine monitoring will consist of electrocardiogram, pulsated oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, respiratory rate, tidal volume and monitoring of neuromuscular function. For all patients whatever the comorbidities, anesthesia induction will be performed using a target-controlled infusion (Orchestra® Base Primea - Fresenius Kabi France). In agreement with most studies, IOH is defined as a MAP drop of more than 20% from baseline MAP. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, systolic arterial pressure \[SAP\], mean arterial pressure \[MAP\] and diastolic arterial pressure \[DAP\]), and PPG parameters (Dicpleth, PI and SpO2) will be retrospectively sampled every minute during induction. In patients presenting a hypotensive episode, all parameters are collected before and at the peak effect of a 10µg bolus of norepinephrine. Number of selected subjects The primary aim of the study is to estimate the AUC of the ROC curve of both ΔDicpleth and ΔPI to track IOH during induction. Sample size was determined with an expected AUC at 0.85, an expected incidence of hypotension of 80% and the width of the confidence interval of 1. With a power of 80%, the number of patients to include was then 62.15 Secondary objective is to evaluate AUC of the ROC curve for combination of ΔDicpleth and ΔPI. Statistics Changes of the parameters are analysed using Wilcoxon rank test. Correlation tests between ΔDicpleth and ΔMAP in one hand, and ΔPI and ΔMAP are performed by using Spearman test. Areas under the curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (with 95% confidence interval) of ΔDicpleth and ΔPI to detect IOH episode will be estimated and eventually compared using DeLong test. Youden method is used to determine the optimal ΔDicpleth and ΔPI cut-off values to detect IOH episodes. Values are expressed as median and interquartile range \[25th;75th percentiles\]. P\<0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Statistical analysis is performed using Prism 6.00© (Graphpad Software, Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA) and R 3.3.0 software (R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Patients who have non-measurable Dicpleth at baseline before induction of anaesthesia will be excluded from the analysis