Emergence delirium (ED) infers the occurrence of behavior and cognition changes during the early postoperative period. Main signs and symptoms of ED are the disturbances of consciousness and awareness of the environment, with disorientation and perceptual alterations, including hypersensitivity to external stimuli and hyperactive motor behaviors. The incidence may be higher than 80%. Risk factors include pre-school age, use of sevoflurane, ophthalmologic and otorhinolaryngologic surgeries, child anxiety, parental or caregiver anxiety. The recurrence of ED is controversial. The only validated scale for diagnosis of ED is the PAED (Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium). Prevention is the best approach, as well as the use of alpha-2 agonists, propofol and total intravenous anesthesia. There are still no clear markers for postoperative delirium, especially ED. Cognitive alterations may be related to epigenetic modifications. Anesthesia-induced epigenetic changes may be the key to understanding perioperative complications and outcomes and is a field of future research in anesthesia. The study aims to analyze the DNA methylation profile in children with ED. A prospective, randomized study will be carried out in up to 322 children undergoing general anesthesia (inhalation group or intravenous group) to perform endoscopic procedures at the Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Patients will have blood samples drawn, and analysis of the DNA methylation profile through the array technique will be performed in 40 children (20 of each group ) who presented ED as well as in 08 control cases. Also, the occurrence of ED will be correlated with the degree of anxiety of the child, parents and during anesthetic induction, in addition to comparing the two anesthetic techniques with the occurrence of ED and late postoperative cognitive alterations.
BACKGROUND: The risks of neurotoxicity and late cognitive impairment supported the recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommendation on caution in the indication of anesthesia in children up to 3 years of age. Among the cognitive alterations related to pediatric anesthesia, emergence delirium (ED) is frequent in pre-school children. There is no consensus on the risk factors and forms of ED prevention, which occurs more frequently after inhalation anesthesia. On the other hand, anesthesia-induced epigenetic changes may be the key to understanding various complications and perioperative outcomes. There are no specific biomarkers for ED. Such biomarkers would be used to measure the risk of ED and would contribute to prevention and treatment. It has been hypothesized that behavioral changes in ED may be related to epigenetic modifications, analyzed through the DNA methylation profile. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of the study is to investigate the DNA methylation profile in children with ED. The secondary objectives are to evaluate the correlation between the DNA methylation profile with the anesthetic technique and the degree of preoperative anxiety. METHODS: Children (N=322) from 1 to 12 years old, candidates to digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia will be recruited in an outpatient clinic from a tertiary university hospital. After informed consent, the child and parents' preoperative anxiety will be assessed through the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS) and VAS-Anx (Anxiety Visual Analogic Scale), respectively. The quality of anesthetic induction will be evaluated through Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior (PAB) scale and Perioperative Adult Child Behavior Interaction Scale (PACBIS). After inhaled induction with sevoflurane, blood sample collection will be performed to evaluate DNA methylation, followed by randomization in two groups to maintain anesthesia using the venous technique, with propofol or inhaled anesthesia with sevoflurane. Upon awakening, the ED will be evaluated through PAED (Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium) scale. Twenty children from each group presenting ED as well as 08 control cases will have their venous blood samples sent for DNA methylation analysis using the array technique. After hospital discharge, the postoperative behavioral changes will be observed through the PHBQ (Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire) questionnaire.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SCREENING
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
175
All children will receive inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane through facial mask in concentrations between 3-8% for anesthesia induction. After induction and peripheral vein puncture, the anesthesia will be maintained only with sevoflurane 3% until completion of the procedure.
All children will receive inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane through facial mask in concentrations between 3-8% until lost of conscience and peripheral vein puncture. After that, sevoflurane will be turned off and its clearance will be analyzed through gas analyzer monitor. From here, anesthesia will be maintained as total venous with continuous propofol infusion 100 mcg.kg.min-1 until completion of the procedure.
Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP
São Paulo, Brazil
DNA methylation profile of children who presented emergence delirium
DNA methylation profile will be measured through an array experiment in the Illumina iScanSQ (Illumina®) platform using the BeadChip Infinium MethylationEPIC and BeadChip HumanCytoSNP850K kits, following the protocol and manufacturer's instructions. The extracted samples will be initially treated with bisulfite using the EZ DNA Methylation Kit (Zymo Research®). The methylation profile is measured by the Beta value. This value ranges from 0 to 1. Closer to zero, more hypomethylated is the DNA and closer to 1, more hypermethylated is the DNA. To compare the profile, the average Beta value of each patient with emergence delirium and their controls will be used. All raw data obtained will be analyzed by bioinformatics methods to compose the DNA methylation profile of each patient.
Time frame: An average of one month after discharge from outpatient clinic.
Emergence delirium
Emergence delirium will be measured through Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. This scale measures 5 items regarding child's awakening: eye contact with the caregiver, purposefulness of child's action, awareness of child's surroundings, child's restlessness and if the child is inconsolable. The first three items are scored from 4 to 1 as follow: 4 not at all, 3 just a little, 2 quite a bit, 1 very much, 0 extremely. Items 4 and 5 are scored as follow: 0 not at all, 1 just a little, 2 quite a bit, 3 very much, 4 extremely. The scores of each item were summed to obtain a total Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale score. The degree of emergence delirium increased directly with the total score. We considered a score of ≥ 10 as a cutoff of emergence delirium.
Time frame: First, 5th, 10th and 15th minutes after anesthesia awakening
Children's preoperative anxiety
This outcome will be measured through modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (mYPAS). This scale analysis 5 items regarding child's behavior right before induction of anesthesia. A. Activity 1 Looking around. 2 Not exploring. 3 Moving from toy to parent in unfocused manner. 4 Actively trying to get away. B. Vocalizations 1 Reading or asking questions. 2 Responding to adults but whispers. 3 Quiet or no sounds. 4 Whimpering or silently crying. 5 Crying. 6 Crying or screaming loudly. C. Emotional expressivity 1 Manifestly happy. 2 Neutral. 3 Worried to frightened. 4 Distressed. D. State of apparent arousal 1 Alert. 2 Child sitting still and quiet. 3 Vigilant. 4 Panicked. E. Use of parents 1 Busy playing. 2 Reaches out to parent. 3 Looks to parents quietly. 4 Keeps parent. To calculate the final score, we divide each item rating by the highest possible, add all of the produced values, divide by 5, and multiply by 100. Score of ≥ 30 indicates high anxiety before anesthesia.
Time frame: 10 minutes before induction of anesthesia
Caregiver's anxiety before anesthesia
This outcome will be measured through a Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) validated for anxiety. This is a 100-mm scale, which will be applied to caregivers right before induction of anesthesia. Score higher than or equal to 70 mm will be considered as high caregiver's anxiety.
Time frame: 10 minutes before induction of anesthesia
Children's behavior and adult interaction during anesthesia induction
This outcome will be measured through Perioperative Adult Child Behavior Interaction Scale (PACBIS). The PACBIS consists of four domains (Child Coping, Child Distress, Parent Positive, and Parent Negative), each of which is assigned one of three possible scores (0, 1 or 2). Scores for each domain are assigned based upon the observer's impression of the most typical expression of the subject's behavior within that domain during the observation period. By identifying the specific area leading to maladaptive behavioral responses, we will be able to correlate with occurrence of emergence delirium.
Time frame: First minute during monitoring and anesthesia induction
Children's behavior during anesthesia induction
This outcome will be measured through Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior (PAB) score. The Pediatric Anesthesia Behavior (PAB) score is scored from one to three based upon the criteria: Group 1 happy calm and controlled, compliant with induction, Group 2 (sad) tearful and/or withdrawn but compliant with induction or Group 3 (mad) loud vocal resistance (screaming or shouting) and/or physical resistance to induction requiring physical restraint by staff and/or parents. Higher scores (2 or 3) could be associated with emergence delirium, and the development of posthospitalization behavior changes.
Time frame: First minute during anesthesia induction
Post hospitalization behavior changes
This outcome will be measured through Post Hospital Behavior Questionnaire. This questionnaire is composed by the following questions: Does your child make a fuss about eating? Does your child spend time just sitting or lying? Is your child uninterested in what goes on around him/her? Does your child get upset when you leave him/her alone for a few minutes? Does your child need a lot of help doing things? Is it difficult to get your child interested in doing things? Does your child have temper tantrums? Is it difficult to get your child to talk to you? Does your child have bad dreams or wake up and cry? Does your child have trouble getting to sleep? Does your child have a poor appetite? For each item, parents are asked to compare their child's behavior before hospitalization to their current behavior as follows: much less than before (1), less than before (2), same as before (3), more than before (4), and much more than before (5). Score ≥ 3 will be considered positive.
Time frame: First, 7th and 14th day after discharge from outpatient clinic
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