Effect of Macadamia Nut on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Loma Linda University38 enrolled

Overview

This research study will test the effects of macadamia nuts on adiposity, and traditional and emergent risk factors of cardiometabolic disease in adult men and women

Purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Macadamia nuts on body weight, adiposity, , oxidative stress, glucose, insulin an lipid levels. it will a randomized cross over study that will include two study diets (Macadamia nut diet and control diet) with a wash out period of 4 weeks in between. 40 subjects will be selected and randomized into either of the two phases. During the Macadamia nut diet phase subjects will be provided the appropriate portion of Macadamia nuts (15% of daily calories or 30-45 grams based on kcal requirement of the individual, instructions will be provided on how to incorporate nuts into the diet. this phase will last for 8 weeks. During the control diet phase, subjects will continue with their normal diet and abstain from eating nuts. subjects will be tested for various outcomes at baseline and twice at the end of each phase. The intervention will last for 5 months in total.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

SINGLE

Enrollment

Conditions

Cardiovascular Risk Factor Heart Diseases Inflammation

Interventions

Macadamia NutDIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Participants will be provided with the appropriate portion of macadamia nuts \[15% of daily calories or 30-45 grams based on kcal requirement of the individual\]

Control DietDIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Participants will continue with their Habitual Diet during this part of the intervention

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 40 YearsMax age: 75 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy men and post-menopausal women * Overweight (BMI 25-\<40) * Waist circumference ≥88.9 cm for women and ≥101.6 cm for men * At least one of the following within the past year: * Plasma triglycerides ≥150mg/dl * Blood Pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or participants taking Antihypertensive medication * Fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL * Low Density Lipoproteins\>= 130 mg/dl Exclusion Criteria: * Nut allergy, any * Significant chronic disease including: diabetes, congestive heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, or autoimmune disease * Medications affecting lipid or glucose metabolism, immune modulators, or antibiotics in the last 6 months * Mega-doses of lipid-lowering dietary supplements in the last 6 months * Cancer in the last 10 years (with the exception on non-melanoma skin cancer) * Pregnancy or lactation * Weight change of \>10% of body weight in the last 3 months. * Tobacco use * Claustrophobia (may affect BOD POD testing)

Locations (1)

Loma Linda University School of Public Health

Loma Linda, California, United States

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

change in body weight

The objective of this measure is to see if eating macadamia nuts could reduce body weight. An In body machine will be used to identify this by measuring the weight of the participants at the baseline and at the end of each diet phase. The weight will be measured in Kilograms

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in body adiposity

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia Nuts could reduce percentage body fat. Air Displacement Plethysmography will be used to determine any change in body percentage fat at the baseline and end of each diet phase

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in body fat mass

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change body fat mass at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in body percentage fat

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change body percentage fat at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in total body water

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change total body water at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in skeletal muscle mass

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change skeletal muscle mass at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov

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Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in lean body mass

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change lean body mass at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in dry lean mass

The objective of this measure is to see if eating Macadamia nuts could change dry lean mass at the baseline and end of each diet phase using In Body device (InBody570, Seoul, Korea) that utilizes bioelectric impedance method.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma cholesterol (mg/dl)

change in fasting plasma cholesterol (mg/dl) will be measured by an enzymatic method with the use of a single aqueous reagent

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)

change in fasting plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) will be estimated by the use of a two reagent calorimetric enzymatic homogeneous system on the AU480 clinical chemistry analyzer

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)

change in fasting plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) will be measured by a two-phase reaction with calorimetric end point detection

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma triglycerides(mg/dl)

change in fasting plasma triglycerides(mg/dl) will be measured by an enzymatic hydrolysis method

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum apolipoprotein B (mg/dl)

change in serum apolipoprotein B (mg/dl) will be measured by an immuno-turbidimetric procedure using AU480 clinical chemistry analyser

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dl)

change in serum apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dl) will be measured by an immuno-turbidimetric procedure using AU480 clinical chemistry analyser

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum small density low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)

change in serum small density low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) will be measured using a two reagent calorimetric enzymatic homogenous system on the AU480 clinical chemistry analyzer.

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum oxidized low density lipoprotein (mg/dl)

change in serum oxidized low density lipoprotein (mg/dl) will be measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Human oxidized low density lipoprotein enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma glucose

change in fasting plasma glucose levels (mg/dl) will be measured on a clinical chemistry analyzer,AU480 Clinical Chemistry Analyzer, (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Diagnostics Division Headquarters, Brea CA 92821.)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in fasting plasma insulin

change in fasting plasma insulin (uIU/ml) will be measured measured by solid-phase, two-site chemiluminescent immunometric assays using the IMMULITE 2000, (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Los Angeles, CA 90045)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in insulin resistance

change in insulin resistance will be measured using the Homeostatic Model Assessment calculator version 2 (HOMA2-IR)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

Secondary Outcomes

effect modification of adiposity

The objective of this measure is to determine if adiposity is an effect modifier of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, lowering the effect of the macadamia nut intake. The test of this interaction will be performed using statistical analysis system (SAS) software

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum Interleukin -6

change in serum interleukin-6 (pg/ml) will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha

change in serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (pg/ml) will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum soluble selectin (ng/ml)

change in serum soluble selectin (ng/ml) will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in serum soluble -intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/dl)

change in serum soluble -intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/dl)will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baselline to 18 weeks

change in serum soluble -vascular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/dl)

change in serum soluble -intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ng/dl)will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baselline to 18 weeks

change in C reactive protein

change in C reactive protein (mg/l) will be measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in Malondialdehyde

change in Malondialdehyde (micromole/l) will be measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks

change in Prostaglandin F2 alpha

change in Prostaglandin F2 alpha will be measured by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Time frame: baseline to 18 weeks