NATURE 3.1_New Approach for the Reduction of REnal Uremic Toxins

CKD patients Inclusion Criteria: * CKD patients stage 3b-4 not on dialysis * Aged between 30 to 65 * BMI between 18.5 and 29.9 * Controlled diet * Informed consent signed Exclusion Criteria: * Type 2 diabetes mellitus * Use of antibiotics or probiotics up to 30 days prior to recruitment * Chronic gastrointestinal disorders * Systemic inflammatory diseases * Suspicion or clinical diagnosis of malignancy * Chronic liver disease * Treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs * Previous acute cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke) * Psychiatric conditions reducing the compliance to treatment protocols Healthy volunteers Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy subjects * Aged between 35 to 60 * BMI between 18.5 and 29.9 * Medium score of adherence to Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED score between 6 and 9) * Informed consent signed Exclusion Criteria: * Type 2 diabetes mellitus * Use of antibiotics or probiotics up to 30 days prior to recruitment * Chronic gastrointestinal disorders * Systemic inflammatory diseases * Suspicion or clinical diagnosis of malignancy * Chronic liver disease * Treatment with corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs * Previous acute cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke) * Psychiatric conditions reducing the compliance to treatment protocols