Mechanical Environment Pregnancy With Short Cervix

Overview

The objective of this study is to quantify the mechanical environment of pregnancies complicated by a short cervix and randomized in the Trial of Pessary in Singleton Pregnancies with a Short Cervix study with ultrasound imaging and aspiration. Aim 1: To determine the biomechanical properties of a prematurely remodeled cervix. Aim 2: To determine the impact of pessary placement on the biomechanical properties of a prematurely remodeled cervix and establish if the pessary reduces the mechanical load on the cervix through computer modeling informed by ultrasonographic measurement and cervical stiffness measurements. Aim 3: To determine if the differences in the cervical biomechanical properties after pessary placement lead to improved birth outcomes as compared to the progesterone only group.

In pregnancy the mother carries the growing fetus throughout gestation as her body prepares for delivery. This maternal preparation includes anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes of the uterus, cervix, and ligaments that surround and support the uterus and cervix. For a successful term delivery, the uterus, cervix and supporting ligaments must remodel in a coordinated fashion to allow for adequate dilation and effacement of the cervix and delivery of the fetus. Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal death. Premature babies that survive face a significantly increased risk of long-term disabilities, such as mental retardation, learning and behavioral problems, cerebral palsy, seizures, respiratory problems, gastrointestinal problems and vision/hearing loss. PTB is also significant cost factor in healthcare. In 2003, a study in the US approximated neonatal costs to be $224,400 for a newborn that weighed 500-700g (extreme-severe preterm range) verse $1,000 at over 3,000g. These costs increase exponentially with decreasing gestational age and weight. In 2007, an Institute of Medicine report entitled "Preterm Birth" found that the 550,000 preemies born each year in the U.S. cost $26 billion annually, mostly related to prolonged care in neonatal intensive care units. The pathophysiology of PTB is multi-factorial and the degree of severity spans a wide range, with pregnancy outcomes depending on a combination of congenital, anatomical, obstetric, epidemiological, and biochemical factors. Because of these confounding factors PTB rates in the US and around the world are on the rise and diagnostic methods to identify high-risk women for PTB remain elusive. Premature cervical remodeling which leads to softening/shortening of the cervix (i.e., a mechanical failure of the cervix) is one of the leading contributors to the birth of a severely preterm neonate. The true frequency and impact is unknown because diagnosing this condition remains elusive and the biomechanical environment of pregnancy is unknown. The pathophysiology is hypothesized to be multi-factorial leading to a common feature of a structurally weak and excessively soft cervix that is unable to remain closed and to support the fetus. Recently, it has been demonstrated that these preterm cervical changes may in some cause premature cervical shortening as measured by transvaginal ultrasound imaging. When this occurs, treatment with progesterone suppositories has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of preterm delivery. However, this treatment is not effective in many cases; probably because a short cervix is a late manifestation of the underlying biostructural alterations in the uterus, cervix and supporting ligaments. Many clinically-relevant advances in the field of orthopedics and gynecology (i.e., assessing the causes of uterine prolapse have been attributed to the accurate biomechanical modeling of the anatomy and tissue properties using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA is a computer simulation that computes tissue stretch (i.e., tissue strain), tissue stress, and reaction forces when external mechanical forces are applied to the system given the tissue's geometric shape and mechanical properties. Lastly, directly measuring the mechanical stiffness of the uterine cervix through use of a simple aspiration device has shown that in normal pregnancy cervical tissue softens starting in the 1st trimester and continues until dilation. These studies have also shown that using a simple mechanical aspirator applied to the end of the cervix protruding into the vaginal canal has zero adverse effects on the patient, where the measurement can be performed during a standard speculum exam. The cervical pessary has been proposed as an additional option for treatment in pregnancies with a short cervix. It offers additional theoretical benefits over the cerclage, in that it does not require surgical intervention. Its proposed mechanisms of action include a) angling the cervix toward the posterior, bringing the external os toward the sacrum, b) mechanically closing the cervix with the constraining geometry of the device, and c) preserving the mucous plug. These mechanisms of action involve lowering the mechanical stresses on the area of the internal os, potentially modifying the release of the enzymes and inflammatory markers involved in the preterm birth pathway. However, it is still unknown if the pessary relieves the mechanical load on the cervix because a biomechanical investigation of its function has not been performed. Therefore, the investigator plans to study a group of women with a short cervix randomized in an existing trial: AAAR1353 - A Randomized Trial of Pessary in Singleton Pregnancies with a Short Cervix (TOPS) in order to better understand the function and effect of the cervical pessary on the biomechanical support of the cervix in addition to its effect on its tissue properties and structural integrity. If a specific maternal utero-cervical phenotype can be located, where the placement of the cervical pessary reduces the mechanical load on the cervical internal os and therefore leads to a decreased incidence of preterm birth, then a more personalized treatment may be possible for patients who fall within this specific phenotype in the future. For the substudy, a total of 36 women will be recruited and randomized through the existing TOPS trial (18 randomized to Pessary and Progesterone and 18 randomized to progesterone only). Obstetric and gynecologic history, age, race, body mass index, smoking history, and outcome of the current pregnancy will be recorded for all patients.