MAPLES Pilot Study for Low Mood in ABI

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983)

This measure assesses levels of depression (subscale 1) and anxiety (subscale 2) in clinical settings. Each subscale is scored independently. On each subscale, each item is summed with no reverse-coded items. Greater scores on either subscale represent greater depression or anxiety. The minimum possible score on each subscale is 0, while the maximum possible score on each subscale is 21. Higher scores indicate greater depression and anxiety.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Behavioural Inhibition/Behavioural Activation Scales (BIS/BAS; Carver & White 1994)

This measures assesses individual disposition toward avoiding and engaging in activities. The BIS/BAS has three behavioural activation (BA) subscales, and only one subscale assesses behavioural inhibition (BI). The BA subscales are Drive, Fun Seeking, and Reward Responsiveness. All items except for two are reverse coded. Four items are filler questions and are not used for the subscale scores. Once the appropriate questions are reverse coded, each subscale is summed to get the respective subscale scores. The minimum score on BA Drive is 4, maximum 16. Higher scores indicate greater drive to engage. The minimum score on the BA Fun Seeking subscale is 4, maximum 16. Higher scores indicate greater fun seeking. The minimum score on the BA Reward Responsiveness subscale is 5, maximum 20. Higher scores indicate greater reward responsiveness.The minimum score on the BI subscale is 7, maximum 28. Greater scores indicate greater behavioural inhibition.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Short Form (IUS-SF; Carleton, Norton, & Asmundson)

This measure assesses the degree to which an individual is bothered by uncertainty. The IUS-SF has two subscales, Prospective Anxiety (concerns about the future), and Inhibitory (concerns prevent one from doing things). The items on the subscale are summed. No items are reverse-coded. A total score can be produced from combining two subscales. The minimum score on the Prospective Anxiety subscale is 5, maximum 25. Greater scores indicate greater prospective anxiety. The minimum score on the Inhibitory Anxiety subscale is 7, maximum 35. Greater scores indicate greater inhibitory anxiety.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R, Weiss, 2007)

This measure assesses acute and routine life stress. The IES-R has three subscales, Avoidance (not thinking of stressful events), Intrusion (whether memories of stressful events occur) and Hyperarousal (The degree to which stressful events cause somatic symptoms). No items are reverse-coded. Although each subscale can produce a score, typically the total score is summed to determine the level of impact a stressful event has had on an individual. The items on the subscale are summed, ranging from 0 to 88. Scores 24 or higher indicate cause for clinical concern, 33 represents a probably diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, and 37 is high enough to suppress immune function (i.e., severe clinical concern).

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Brain Injury Rehabilitation Trust Motivation Questionnaire-Self (BMQ-S)

This measure assesses difficulties with overall motivation after brain injury. The scale has no subscales, and has 15 reverse-scored items. Once the appropriate questions are reverse scored, all items are summed to generate a total score. The minimum possible score is 34, maximum 136. Greater scores indicate greater difficulties with motivation.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Modified Outcome Measure - Participation Objective, Participation Subjective (MOM-POPS, Brown et al., 2004)

This is a modified measure of desired and actual participation in home and community activities. The scale contains 3 items, asking participants to rate their involvement in, frequency of, and importance of household, occupational, and social activities. Participants are then asked to check off which activities they have engaged in the past week, such as cleaning the house, made social arrangements, attended religious services, etc. Each item is scored individually, hence there is no score total. The first 3 items represent desired participation in daily activities, and the final item represents actual participation.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Sense of Control Scale (SCS; Lachman & Weaver, 1998a, 1998b)

This measure assesses perceived ability to exert control over one's life. It consists of two subscales, Perceived Constraints (i.e., whether there are barriers to control) and Perceived Mastery (one's subjective belief about their competency in one's life). All items on the perceived constraints scale are reverse coded. Each subscale is summed and interpreted independently. The minimum possible score on the Perceived Constraints scale is 8, maximum 56. Greater scores indicate more constraints.The minimum possible score on the Perceived Mastery subscale is 4, maximum 28. Greater scores indicate greater mastery.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Motivation for Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation Questionnaire (MOT-Q; Chervinsky et al., 1998)

This scale assesses level of motivation toward rehabilitation-related activities in traumatic brain injury. It consists of 4 subscales, Lack of Denial (good insight), Interest in Rehabilitation, Lack of Anger, and Reliance on Professional Help. The MOT-Q uses a 5-point Likert scale from -2 to +2. The scale contains 19 reverse coded items. Each subscale is totaled separately, and can be added together to produce a total score. Higher scores indicate greater motivation for rehabilitation. Total scores can range from -62 to +62. The Lack of Denial subscale ranges from -16 to +16, with higher scores indicating better insight. The Interest in Rehabilitation subscale ranges from -14 to +14, with greater scores indicating greater interest. The Lack of Anger scubscale ranges from -20 to +20, with higher scores indicating lower anger. The Reliance on Professional Help subscale ranges from -12 to +12, with higher scores indicating greater reliance.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire (CEQ; Devilly & Borkovec, 2000)

This scale assesses participant expectations of treatment outcome and perceived credibility of treatment. It consists of 6 items. The first 4 items reflect what one think about the intervention, and the last 2 items evaluate how one feels about the intervention. This measure has two factors, Credibility and Expectancy. The Credibility subscale ranges from 3 to 27. Two items on the Expectancy subscale are perecentage based (0 to 100%) and the third item is Likert based from 1 to 9. Typically, items are evaluated individually rather than produce a scale total

Time frame: Baseline only

Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS; Snaith et al., 1995)

This scale assesses level of ability to experience pleasure in day-to-day activities. It consists on 14 items, with 7 items reverse coded. Greater scores indicate greater ability to experience pleasure in daily activities. Once the appropriate items are reverse-coded, all items are summed. The minimum possible score is 14, maximum 56.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS; Krupp et al., 1989)

This scale assess overall levels of fatigues in patient populations within the past week. It consists of 7 Likert-rated items and one visual analogue scale for participants to rate overall fatigue. Greater scores indicate higher levels of fatigue. The minimum possible score is 7, maximum 49.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006)

This scale measures symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder such as excessive worry and irritability, over the past two weeks. It consists of 8 items, with greater scores indicating greater anxiety. The minimum possible score is 0, and the highest possible score is 24.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001)

This scale measures symptoms of depression such as poor appetite or difficulties concentrating, over the past two weeks. It consists of 8 items, with greater scores indicating greater anxiety. The minimum possible score is 0, and the highest possible score is 24.

Time frame: Baseline, 1 week post-intervention, 1 month post-intervention

Verbal and Spatial Reasoning Test (VESPAR; Langdon & Warrington, 1995)

This neuropsychological assessment measures fluid intelligence in neurological patients. It consists of 3 verbal and 3 spatial reasoning tasks, designed to calculate an individual's IQ.

Time frame: Baseline only