Evaluation of Corticosteroid in Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

Overview

Cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) initiate a whole-body systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) characterized by the activation of leukocytes, monocytes, and the complement cascade. Multiple mediators of the inflammatory process are released, including cytokines, endothelin, adhesion molecules, and oxygen free radicals. An exaggerated release of these mediators may contribute to numerous postoperative end-organ complications, including myocardial dysfunction, neurologic impairment, respiratory failure, altered renal and hepatic function, bleeding disorders, and multiple organ failure. Although most cardiac surgical patients do not experience major adverse events, it is likely that the inflammatory response impairs clinical recovery to some degree in all patients. A large number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to attenuate the inflammatory reaction to CPB and thereby enhance recovery of the cardiac surgical patient. Intraoperative corticosteroid administration has been studied extensively as a primary pharmacologic anti-inflammatory treatment option.

Investigations have shown that clinical outcomes have been improved, worsened, or unaffected by the intraoperative administration of dexamethasone or methylprednisolone Limited data suggest that low-dose corticosteroids may be as effective as high-dose treatment in reducing complications but with fewer potential side effects MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are protein regulators that play an important role in a wide range of cellular functions. There is increasing evidence for the close relationship between miRNA expression, Th17 cell differentiation and disease pathology The miRNA, miR-155, which was the subject of this study, has a range of known biological functions, which include the induction of Toll like receptor (TLR) activation in monocytes /macrophages and the modulation of TLR signaling, facilitating pro-inflammatory cellular responses and initiating systemic inflammatory responses, as well as regulating Treg cell differentiation, maintenance, and function. The expression of this miRNA can be induced by inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), that are released into the circulation in the initial stages of a systemic inflammatory response. In another study, demonstrated that miR-155 enhanced Treg and Th17 cell differentiation and Th17 cell function by targeting (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1) SOCS1. In this study, the investigators will compare effect of low dose intra-operative corticosteroid (dexamethasone and methylprednisolone) as anti-inflammatory modulators through detection of T regulatory cells(Tregs) and IL-17 and correlate relation between Treg, IL-17 and micro RNA-155.