The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the satiation measures that influence human eating behavior in regard to intake of large portion sizes at a meal. The investigators hypothesize that satiation measures will influence the magnitude of the portion size effect at a meal. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the portion size effect. The portion size effect will be measured by serving a test meal once a week for four weeks in which the portion size of the entree will be varied.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
50
Entree portion size 100% of baseline
Entree portion size 125% of baseline
Entree portion size 150% of baseline
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
Change in energy intake
Calculated energy intake (kcal) based on weight and energy density of food consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in intake by weight
Weights (grams) of all foods consumed
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in bite count
The number of bites of the entree during the meal
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in meal duration
Duration of the meal in seconds
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in mean bite rate
Assessed from meal duration (seconds) and number of bites taken
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in mean bite size
Assessed from entree intake (grams) and number of bites
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in mean eating rate
Assessed from entree intake (grams) and meal duration
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in distribution of estimated bite size
Assessed as small or large bites from video observation
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in sip count
The number of sips of the water during the meal
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Entree portion size 175% of baseline
Time frame: Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of the entree sample
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of the pleasantness of the taste of food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of prospective consumption of the entree sample
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much of the pasta do you want to eat right now?'. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) how much of the \[this food\] do you want to eat right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of hunger
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of thirst
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in ratings of prospective consumption
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much food could you eat right now?'.
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in ratings of nausea
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4
Change in rating of fullness
Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)
Time frame: From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4