Most patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) develop neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), one of the most devastating sequelae of SCI which ultimately can lead to renal failure. We urgently need an intervention that prevents NLUTD before irreversible damage occurs. Neuromodulation procedures are a promising avenue so that we investigate the effect of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) in patients with acute SCI. This nationwide randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind multicentre clinical trial includes all SCI centres in Switzerland (Basel, Nottwil, Sion, Zürich). Patients are randomly assigned to VERUM TTNS (active stimulation, n=57) and SHAM stimulation (n=57) groups in a 1:1 allocation using computer-generated permuted block randomisation lists stratified on study centre and lower extremity motor score. Daily 30-minute sessions are performed five times a week during an intervention period of 6-9 weeks. The primary outcome of this study is the success of TTNS to prevent neurogenic DO jeopardizing the upper urinary tract, assessed by urodynamics at 1 year after SCI or any earlier time point if DO treatment is necessary (study end). Secondary outcome measures are bladder diary parameters, clinical symptom scores assessed by standardized and validated questionnaires. Furthermore, neurophysiological and neuroimaging outcome measures are assessed as well as, biochemical and molecular changes. Tertiary outcome measure is the safety of TTNS. Before the actual start of the TASCI RCT, start-up activities will include a piloting phase on groups of healthy volunteers and patients. The goal during this phase is to evaluate the feasibility of the experimental setup, in particular for the TTNS and SHAM intervention, but also to test the setup of the different pre and post assessments (e.g. neurophysiology and neuroimaging tests). Groups of up to 15 participants each will be enrolled in a few consecutive pilot studies allowing for fine tuning and small adaptations in between, if appropriate.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
114
* Daily 30-minute TTNS intervention is performed 5 days a week during a treatment period of 6-9 weeks, until 3-month post assessments * During a preparation phase of several minutes, sensory and motor thresholds are assessed and stimulation intensities are adjusted for the following 30-minute treatment phase
* Daily 30-minute SHAM intervention is performed 5 days a week during a treatment period of 6-9 weeks, until 3-month post assessments * During a preparation phase of several minutes, sensory and motor thresholds are assessed and stimulation intensities are adjusted for the following 30-minute treatment phase
Department of Neuro-Urology, Spinal Cord Injury Centre & Research, Balgrist University Hospital
Zurich, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
RECRUITINGREHAB Basel
Basel, Switzerland
RECRUITINGSwiss Paraplegic Centre
Nottwil, Switzerland
RECRUITINGSpinal Cord Injury Department, Clinique romande de réadaption
Sion, Switzerland
RECRUITINGThe occurrence of neurogenic DO jeopardizing the upper urinary tract
Defined as composite measure: Urodynamic assessment establishing DO amplitude ≥40 cmH2O; or else initiation of DO treatment (with antimuscarinics and/or intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA injections)
Time frame: up to 12 months after SCI
Volumetric changes during urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Cystometric capacity \[mL\], volume at first DO \[mL\], voided volume \[mL\] and post void residual \[mL\] as assessed by urodynamic measurement
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in bladder compliance [mL/cmH2O] during urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Pressure changes during urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Maximum DO amplitude \[cmH2O\], detrusor leak-point pressure \[cmH2O\], maximum detrusor pressure \[cmH2O\] during storage phase, maximum detrusor pressure \[cmH2O\] during voiding phase, detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate \[cmH2O\] as assessed by urodynamic measurement
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in maximum flow rate [mL/s] as assessed by urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in vesicoureterorenal reflux (VUR) as assessed by videography during urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in pelvic floor activity as assessed by electromyography (EMG) during urodynamics and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in bladder storage and voiding parameters and their relation to clinical outcomes
Assessed by a bladder diary
Time frame: Baseline; once every 2 weeks during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in bowel diary parameters and their relation to clinical outcomes
Assessed by a bowel diary
Time frame: Baseline; once every 2 weeks during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in International Prostate Symptom (IPSS) questionnaire and their relation to clinical outcomes
The IPSS ("International Prostate Symptom Questionnaire") score is based on questions concerning urinary symptoms and quality of life (QoL). It consists of 8 items covering 7 urinary symptoms related dimensions (subscales) and 1 additional item assessing quality of life. Each item is rated on a 6-point scale (0=not at all; 5=almost always). The lowest possible score in the total IPSS score is 0 (asymptomatic); the highest possible score is 35 (symptomatic). The QoL index is rated on a 7-point scale, with 0 indicating "delighted" and 6 "terrible."
Time frame: Baseline; once per week during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in urinary symptoms as assessed by the Urinary Symptom Profile (USP) questionnaire and their relation to clinical outcomes
The USP ("Urinary Symptom Profile") score is based on questions concerning urinary symptoms and their severity in males and females. It consists of 13 items covering 3 dimensions (subscales) with 7 overactive bladder (OAB), 3 stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and 3 low stream (LS) related items. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale. The lowest score is 0 (asymptomatic); the highest score is 3 (symptomatic).
Time frame: Baseline; once per week during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Qualiveen questionnaire scores and their relation to clinical outcomes
Qualiveen-30 assesses the Specific Impact of Urinary Problems (SIUP) on Quality of Life. It consists of 30 items covering 4 domains, namely inconvenience (9 questions), restrictions (8 questions), fears (8 questions), and impact on daily life (5 questions). Each item is rated on a 5-point ordinal scale (0=asymptomatic; 4=symptomatic). The index of the SIUP on Quality of Life is the mean of the four individual scores. The lowest possible overall score in the Qualiveen-30 is 0 (Urinary problems have no specific impact on QoL); the highest possible score is 30 (Urinary problems have a huge specific impact on QoL).
Time frame: Baseline; once per week during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and their relation to clinical outcomes
The FSFI ("Female Sexual Function Index") is based on questions concerning female sexual functions. It consists of 19 items covering 6 domains, namely sexual desire, arousal (both subjective and physiologic), lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. The lowest possible score in the total FSFI is 2 (asymptomatic); the highest possible score is 36 (symptomatic).
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and their relation to clinical outcomes
The IIEF ("International Index of Erectile Function") is based on questions concerning erectile dysfunction. It consists of 15 items covering 5 domains, namely erectile functioning, orgasmic functioning, sexual desire, and intercourse satisfaction along with a fifth component which encompasses the concept of overall sexual satisfaction. While items 1-10 are rated on a 6-point Likert-type scale from 0 to 5, items 11-15 are rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale from 1 to 5. Higher scores are reflecting less dysfunction. Domain scores are computed by summing the sores for individual items in each domain.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) Female / Male sexual function data sets and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD) score and their relation to clinical outcomes
The NBD ("Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction") score is based on questions concerning constipation and fecal incontinence and was developed for and validated in the spinal cord injury population. It consists of 10 items. The lowest possible score in the total NBD is 0 (asymptomatic); the highest possible score is 47 (symptomatic). The interpretation of the total NBD score is very minor NBD (0-6), minor NBD (7-9), moderate NBD (10-13), and severe NBD (≥14).The NBD score is assessed by using the international spinal cord injury (ISCoS) bowel function basic data set.
Time frame: Baseline; once per week during the TTNS intervention period; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Volumetric changes during rectal sensitivity testing and barostat assessment and their relation to clinical outcomes
Initial sensation \[mL\], volume at urge to defecate \[mL\], maximum tolerated volume \[mL\] as assessed by rectal sensitivity testing; rectal capacity \[mL\] assessed by barostat assessment
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Pressure changes during anorectal manometry and barostat assessment and their relation to clinical outcomes
Basal internal anal sphincter pressure \[mmHg\], squeeze external anal sphincter pressure \[mmHg\], relaxation internal anal sphincter pressure during defecation \[%, mmHg\], intraabdominal pressure during defecation \[mmHg\]
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in rectal compliance [mL/cmH2O] during anorectal manometry and barostat assessment and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in defecatory disorder [Rao's classification] identified during anorectal manometry and their relation to clinical outcomes
Anorectal manometry is the preferable test for defecatory disorder. Rao's classification describes the four types of manometric patterns (I-IV) that are identified through manometric assessments
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) protocol
International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) assessment to quantify the severity of the spinal cord injury
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Lower Extremities Motor Scale (LEMS) from International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) protocol
LEMS is based on assessments of ISNCSCI and composed from the sum of muscle function grading of the five key muscles of the lower limbs. It consists of a 6-point scale (0=no; 5=normal activity) for each muscle and body site. The lowest possible score in the total LEMS score for one body site is 0 (symptomatic); the highest possible score is 50 (asymptomatic).
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Upper Extremities Motor Scale (UEMS) from International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) protocol
UEMS is based on assessments of ISNCSCI and composed from the sum of muscle function grading of the five key muscles of the upper limbs. It consists of a 6-point scale (0=no; 5=normal activity) for each muscle and body site. The lowest possible score in the total LEMS score for one body site is 0 (symptomatic); the highest possible score is 50 (asymptomatic).
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM-III) and their relation to clinical outcomes
The SCIM-III ("Spinal Cord Independence Measure III") score is based on questions concerning independence of persons with a spinal cord injured. It consists of 19 items covering 3 domains, self-care, respiration and sphincter management, and mobility. The self-care subscale ranges from 0 to 20. The respiration and sphincter management subscale ranges from 0 to 40. The mobility subscale ranges from 0 to 40. Total score ranges from 0 (symptomatic) to 100 (asymptomatic). Higher scores reflect higher levels of independence.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in spasticity in the knee and elbow flexors and extensors from the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) assessment and their relation to clinical outcomes
The MAS is a 5-point nominal scale that uses subjective clinical assessments of muscle tone ranging from 0 - 'No increases in tone' to 4 - 'Limb rigid in flexion or extension'. A grade of (1+) indicates resistance in the movement.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in spasticity in daily life as assessed by the Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool (SCI-SET) questionnaire and their relation to clinical outcomes
The SCI-SET ("Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity Evaluation Tool ") score is based on questions concerning the positive and negative effects of spasticity on different areas of daily life. Each of the 35 items are rated on a 7-point scale (-3=extremely problematic; 0=no effect; 3=extremely helpful). Calculations include counts and sum scores of areas of daily life where spasticity is problematic (count range: 0 to 35, sum score range: 35 to 0) or helpful (counts range: 0 to 35, sum score range: 0 to +35) as well as a mean score of all applicable items (range: -3 to +3)
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in neurophysiology measurements of evoked potentials (EPs) as well as nerve conduction measurements and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in lower urinary tract (LUT) neurophysiology: Current perception thresholds (CPTs) and LUT sensory evoked potentials (LUTSEPs) with their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in frequency power of surface electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) and their relation to clinical outcomes
Fast Fourier Transformation analysis for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma band power as assessed via EEG of the cortex and EMG of the muscle
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in EMG and EEG coherence measures and their relation to clinical outcomes
Coherence for EEG and EMG signals computed as cortico-muscular, inter- and intra-muscular coherence for typical EEG/EMG frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma).
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in white and gray matter area in the lumbosacral enlargement (LSE) and their relation to clinical outcomes
White and gray matter areas are obtained by segmenting the T2\*-weighted MRI images for white and gray matter at the level of LSE
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in white and gray matter area in upper cervical cord (at C2/C3) and their relation to clinical outcomes
Obtained by segmenting the T2\*-weighted MRI images for white and gray matter at the vertebral level C2/C3.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in white and gray matter volume of the conus medullaris (CM) and their relation to clinical outcomes
White and gray matter volume are obtained by segmenting the T2\*-weighted MRI images for white and gray matter in the CM
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in gray and white matter volume in the brain and their relation to clinical outcomes
Gray and white matter volume in the brain are computed by feeding the whole-brain T1-weighted MRI images into a voxel-based morphometry algorithm. Changes in the gray and white matter volume will be evaluated in urologically relevant brain areas.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the brain and spinal cord and their relation to clinical outcomes
FA is a common dimensionless measure used in Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies and ranges from 0, isotropic movement of water molecules (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid), to 1, fully anisotropic movement of water molecules (e.g., fiber bundles).
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in diffusivity in the brain and spinal cord and their relation to clinical outcomes
Mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD) are common measures used in DTI studies providing information about the integrity of the underlying tissue.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in brain and spinal cord tissue microstructure and their relation to clinical outcomes
Quantitative tissue parameters assessed using MRI Multi-Parameter Mapping.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Expression profile of microRNA (miRNA) in urine and blood as well as their relation to clinical outcomes
MicroRNA (miRNA) sequencing is used to identify regulated miRNAs specific to TTNS intervention in urine and blood.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in inflammatory markers in bladder tissue, blood, and urine, as well as their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in levels of neurotransmitters (neurotrophins) in blood, and urine, as well as their relation to clinical outcomes
Analysis will be performed using ELISA to detect molecules likely to be involved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of neuromodulation.
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in the composition of urinary and stool microbiome and their relation to clinical outcomes
Gut and bladder microbial patterns are determined from stool and urine samples
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
Changes in bladder tissue and their relation to clinical outcomes
Time frame: Baseline; 3 months after SCI; 6 months after SCI; 12 months after SCI / study end
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