Triplet Combination or Doublet Regimen Versus Chemoradiation as Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Overview

Preoperative radiation with single agent chemotherapy as sensitizer is the standard care of locally advanced rectal cancer. Local irradiation significantly increases surgical complications and impairs quality of life. Combination chemotherapy alone seems promising and provides similar benefit to chemoradiation as neoadjuvant therapy. Early administration of systemic therapy is also proved beneficial for long-term survival. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of chemotherapy alone with short-term modified FOLFOXIRI or long-term mFOLFOX with standard chemoradiation as neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.

Patients with cT3-4 or cN+ and cM0 by pelvic MR and chest + abdominal CT scan will be randomized to the following three groups: Group A: Traditional chemoradiation. Fluorouracil 225 mg/m2/day continuous intravenous infusion on weekdays for five weeks; local irradiation 2GY/day on weekdays, totally 50GY. At the end of chemoradiation, patients will receive an evaluation with MR and CT scan. If the efficacy is defined as CR, PR or SD, the TME will be performed in 6-8 weeks since the last irradiation. If the disease progress with the possibility of R0 resection, the operation will be given soon. If the tumor progress to impossible for R0 resection, the salvage chemotherapy will be given accordingly. Adjuvant chemotherapy of 6-8 cycles of mFOLFOX will be administered 3-4 weeks after R0 resection. Group B: Short-term mFOLFOXIRI. Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 on day 1; irinotecan 150 mg/m2 on day 1; leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1; fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 civ over 46h; treatment will be repeated every 14 days; prophylactic G-CSF support is recommended. Patients are planned to receive 4 cycles of mFOLFOXIRI regimen preoperatively and postoperatively, respectively. Before operation, efficacy evaluations will be performed every two cycles by CT and MR scan. If the evaluation is defined as no progression without severe toxicity, the next 2 cycles will be given. If the primary lesion progress without distant metastasis, patients will be assigned to group A. If distant metastasis occurr during chemotherapy, patients will withdraw from the trial and be treated further at the discretion of attending physicians. Postoperative chemotherapy will initiate 3-4 weeks after R0 resection. Group C: Long-term mFOLFOX. Oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 on day 1; leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1; fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus and 2400 mg/m2 civ over 46h; treatment will be repeated every 14 days. Patients are planned to receive 8-9 cycles of mFOLFOX regimen preoperatively and 3-4 cycles postoperatively. Efficacy evaluations will be performed every three cycles by CT and MR scan before TME. If the evaluation is defined as no progression without severe toxicity, the next 3 cycles of mFOLFOX will be given with the maximum of 9 cyces. If the primary lesion progress without distant metastasis, patients will be assigned to group A. If distant metastasis occurr during chemotherapy, patients will withdraw from the trial and be treated further at the discretion of attending physicians. Postoperative chemotherapy will initiate 3-4 weeks after R0 resection.