This study is a school-based, randomised, controlled, parallel groups trial to examine the acute effect of breakfast (ready-to-eat-cereal and milk) vs. no breakfast on cognitive function and subjective state in 11-13 year old adolescents. It was hypothesised that the consumption of breakfast will have a positive acute effect on cognitive performance and subjective state compared with breakfast omission in 11-13 year olds.
This study is a school-based, randomised, controlled, parallel groups trial to examine the acute effect of breakfast (ready-to-eat-cereal and milk) vs. no breakfast on cognitive function and subjective state in 11-13 year old adolescents. It was hypothesised that the consumption of breakfast will have a positive acute effect on cognitive performance and subjective state compared with breakfast omission in 11-13 year olds. The study sample consisted of males and females aged 11-13 years who were recruited to take part in the study from a UK secondary school. There were two conditions in this parallel groups study: Breakfast and No breakfast (fasting). The breakfast intervention consisted of ad libitum intake of ready-to-eat-cereal with milk. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and +70 and +215 minutes post-intervention. The Cambridge Neuro-psychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB; Cambridge Cognition Ltd) was used to assess cognitive function. The battery included: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), 5-Choice Reaction Time (5-CRT), Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP), and Paired Associates Learning (PAL), which measured reaction time, visual-sustained attention, and visual-spatial memory respectively. Concomitant ratings of subjective mood, alertness, satiety, and motivation were taken throughout the morning using eight unipolar Visual Analogue Scales
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
234
Human Appetite Research Unit, University of Leeds
Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
Change from baseline Paired Associates Learning (PAL) performance
Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task was administered on individual touchscreen portable computers.
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes post-intervention.
Simple Reaction Time task performance
Reaction time assessed by Simple Reaction Time (SRT) task. The task was administered on individual touchscreen portable computers.
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes and 215 minutes post-intervention
5-Choice Reaction Time task performance
Reaction time assessed by 5-Choice Reaction Time (5-CRT) task. The task was administered on individual touchscreen portable computers.
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes and 215 minutes post-intervention
Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP) performance
Visual sustained attention assessed by Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP). The task was administered on individual touchscreen portable computers.
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of hunger
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
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Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of cheerfulness
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of energy
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome.
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of motivation to try hard
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of ease of distraction
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of ease of focusing
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of feeling of awake
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of bad temperedness
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their current state. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome
Time frame: baseline, 15 minutes, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of cognitive test battery difficulty
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their cognitive test battery experience. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of concentration during the cognitive test battery
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their cognitive test battery experience. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of performance on the cognitive test battery
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their cognitive test battery experience. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a better outcome
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention
Subjective unipolar visual analogue scale ratings of frustration during the cognitive test battery
The unipolar Visual Analogue Scale is a horizontal line, 100mm in length, anchored by the extreme intensities of a single subjective feeling (e.g. 'not at all' to 'very'). The participant marks on the line at the point that they feel represents their perception of their cognitive test battery experience. Participants responded to each Visual Analogue Scale using a touch screen computer by moving the cursor along a 100mm line with extreme anchors at each end. The initial location of the cursor was at the 50mm mark. There were 100 points on the scale, yielding possible scores of 0-100. Higher scores indicate a worse outcome
Time frame: baseline, 70 minutes, and 215 minutes post-intervention