Circulating-free DNA Assessment as a Tool to Predict Colorectal Cancer in Subjects With a Positive Fecal Immunoassay.

Overview

Colorectal cancer (CRC): is one of the most frequent cancers, with almost 42152 new cases estimated in France for 2012. There are 3 levels of risk of developing CRC: moderate, high or very high. At each level of risk, appropriate follow-up recommendations are made. Immunological tests for fecal occult blood tests have emerged in recent years and have rapidly become established as benchmark tests in Europe and then in France (OC Sensor test) as part of mass screening. In the case of a positive immunological test, a diagnostic colonoscopy must be systematically organized in order to characterize the possible recto-colic cause of the digestive bleeding thus observed. Measurement of the DNA present in the circulating blood (circulating DNA or cfDNA): allowed a significant advance in the personalized management of cancers, as a non-invasive test capable of producing diagnostic, prognostic, theranostic, and of therapeutic follow-up type. The aim of the work is to measure the cfDNA concentration in subjects undergoing colonoscopy because of a positive immunological fecal test.

Colorectal cancer (CRC): is one of the most frequent cancers, with almost 42152 new cases estimated in France for 2012. The incidence is thus 30 new cases per year per 100 000 inhabitants in France. It is also a significant cause of death, with 10 deaths per year per 100,000 inhabitants. More than 8 patients out of 10 are cured by surgery alone in case of discovery of an early form with a tumor extension limited to the colonic wall and absence of proximal lymph node invasion. Since most of the invasive cancers are preceded by a benign precancerous lesion called adenoma, it is well understood that the detection of these adenomas (and in particular those at high risk of cancerization: adenomas greater than 10 mm or adenomas in severe dysplasia), followed by their endoscopic excision (polypectomy via colonoscopy) can prevent the development of invasive CRC and ultimately improve the survival of the population thus detected. It is precisely the possibility of intervening on this sequence adenomacancer during an asymptomatic phase of the disease that is the basis of the offer of screening for CRC. CRC screening: There are 3 levels of risk of developing CRC: moderate, high or very high. At each level of risk, appropriate follow-up recommendations are made.considered moderate risk of developing CRC, subjects older than 50 years. These patients at risk are also the most numerous. They are the ones who are involved in screening for occult blood in the stool. Two methods of screening were recommended for moderate-risk subjects, left-sided recto-sigmoidoscopy and repeated occult blood tests in the faeces by the Gaiac method. The latter method has rapidly became in Europe a reference method for screening CRC for reasons of cost and access to care. However, it appears to be a method which is not very appreciated by patients (manipulation of several stool samples) and which is not very sensitive, and which may also interact with hemoglobin of animal origin. These disadvantages have led to an interest in other methods of screening occult blood in stools, such as immunological methods. Immunological tests for fecal occult blood tests have emerged in recent years and have rapidly become established as benchmark tests in Europe and then in France (OC Sensor test) as part of mass screening. Briefly, 2 Dutch randomized studies showed that the OC Sensor immunoassay had better screening performance and acceptability than the Gaiac test. Overall, the different studies have shown that immunological tests lead to more CRCs and more advanced neoplasia than the Gaiac test. According to the studies, the positivity rate ranged from 3% to 6% for immunoassays, the positive predictive value of advanced neoplasia was about 45% with OC Sensor, and that of invasive cancer was 7%. Thus, the OC Sensor fecal immunoassay is the reference screening test, as part of the organized screening of subjects at moderate risk of CRC. In the case of a positive immunological test, a diagnostic colonoscopy must be systematically organized in order to characterize the possible recto-colic cause of the digestive bleeding thus observed. The colonoscopy identifies the lesion and the biopsies then performed accurately identify the advanced nature (adenoma\> 10 mm or adenoma in severe dysplasia or invasive cancer) or not of the neoplasia. Colonoscopy is a perfectly controlled medical procedure performed under anesthesia. It can, however, exceptionally cause bleeding, perforation of the colon, severe abdominal pain, especially when the endoscopic act is associated with an interventional act such as biopsy or polypectomy. The practice of colonoscopy is yearly responsible for 3 accidents on 1000 colonoscopies performed, leading to 1 surgery on 1000 colonoscopy, and unfortunately to 1 death every 10 000 colonoscopies. Because the colonoscopy is performed under anesthesia, this forces the patient to absent himself from work for one day, to call on a third party to return home. Finally, although colonoscopy is the most sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of adenomas and CRCs, its diagnostic performance is not absolute: complete colon exploration is only possible in 95 % Of cases. Colonoscopy is missing in particular 5% of adenomas of more than 1 cm and 4% of colon cancers of the right colon. Colonoscopy also has a cost. Thus, any non-invasive test capable of making a diagnosis of invasive cancer or discarding the same cancer diagnosis after a positive immunological fecal screening test would be able to reduce the use of diagnostic colonoscopy and thus the risks and Associated constraints. Measurement of the DNA present in the circulating blood (circulating DNA or cfDNA): allowed a significant advance in the personalized management of cancers, as a non-invasive test capable of producing diagnostic, prognostic, theranostic, and of therapeutic follow-up type. The teams of the IRCM of Montpellier have developed a test called IntPlex®, capable of allowing the multiparametric analysis of this cfDNA. This innovative technology has been patented and validated technically and clinically on large cohorts of patients with different types of cancer and for several types of genetic mutations. Briefly, this Intplex® technology enables the simultaneous determination of five cfDNA measurement and characterization parameters: total cfDNA concentration, fragmentation, point mutation detection, mutant cfDNA concentration and mutational load. Plasma cfDNA concentrations in patients with CRC are significantly higher than in healthy individuals. These concentrations decrease progressively in patients in remission while they increase in the patients evolutionary or in recurrence. This measure also proves to be an excellent tool to discriminate patients with metastatic CRC from those with more pejorative prognosis. The aim of the work is to measure the cfDNA concentration in subjects undergoing colonoscopy because of a positive immunological fecal test.