This study examines sexual harassment and abuse in and outside sports among adolescent elite athlete boys and girls, adolescent control students, trainers and leaders at elite sport high schools and regular high schools in Norway.
The purpose of the study is to examine the prevalence and outcome of sexual harassment within and outside sports, including who the perpetrators are, the association between experienced sexual harassment and psychological health, knowledge of report mechanisms and emergency plans, and the participants suggestions for preventive strategies. The knowledge from this study will be a good basis to establish and implement prevention strategies and educational programs in the future. Students, trainers (with more than 20 % employment status) and leaders at elite sport high schools and regular high schools in Norway will answer a questionnaire at two measurement points. Additionally, a sample of randomly selected students who report experiences with sexual harassment, and a random sample of trainers and leaders, will be invited to participate in an individual in-depth interview. Students scoring above cut-off on the questionnaire measuring symptoms of eating disorders (EDE-q) will be invited to a separate diagnostic interview (EDE). A group of students will also participate in a test-retest examination of the reliability of the questionnaire.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
1,250
Norwegian school of sport sciences
Oslo, Norway
Sexual harassment
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment.
Time frame: Baseline
Sexual harassment
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Sexual harassment
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer a self-reported questionnaire regarding prevalence of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment.
Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Symptoms of eating disorders
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6". The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders.
Time frame: Baseline
Symptoms of eating disorders
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6". The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Symptoms of eating disorders
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-6". The questionnaire consists of 28 items measuring symptoms and severity of eating disorders.
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Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Health related quality of life
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire "The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument" (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied.
Time frame: Baseline
Health related quality of life
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire "The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument" (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Health related quality of life
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer two questions from the self-reported questionnaire "The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument" (WHOQOL-BREF). The items measure overall perception of quality of life and overall satisfaction with own health during the last two weeks on a 5-point Likert-scale ranging from very poor/very dissatisfied to very good/very satisfied.
Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Resilience
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ)" measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale.
Time frame: Baseline
Resilience
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ)" measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Resilience
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "The Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ)" measuring their ability to handle stress and negative life events. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to 28 items using a 5-point Likert scale.
Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Self-esteem
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Rosenberg self-esteem scale" (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Time frame: Baseline
Self-esteem
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Rosenberg self-esteem scale" (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Self-esteem
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Rosenberg self-esteem scale" (RSES) consisting of 10 items measuring global self-esteem related to overall feelings of self-worth and self-acceptance. The participants are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree to the items using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Subjective health complaints
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Health Behavior in School Children" measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months.
Time frame: Baseline
Subjective health complaints
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Health Behavior in School Children" measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months.
Time frame: 1 year after baseline
Subjective health complaints
Adolescent elite athletes and controls will answer the self-reported questionnaire "Health Behavior in School Children" measuring how often they have experienced 8 different physical and psychological health complaints (on a five-point scale ranging from almost every day to seldom/never) during the last 6 months.
Time frame: Two weeks (test-retest)
Sexual harassment experiences from trainers
Trainers and leaders will answer a questionnaire regarding their experiences with incidents of sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and emergency plans, suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment.
Time frame: Baseline
Sexual harassment interview
In-depth interviews with students, trainers and leaders about their experiences with sexual harassment, awareness of reporting mechanisms and suggestions for how to prevent sexual harassment in the future.
Time frame: Baseline
Eating disorder examination (EDE) interview
Students scoring above cut-off on the questionnaire EDE-q at the 1-year follow up questionnaire will be invited to a diagnostic interview (EDE) measuring eating disorder psychopathology/diagnosis.
Time frame: Following the 1 year-follow up questionnaire