Although antidepressants are the primary treatment for major depression, response and remission rates are unsatisfactory. The primary objective of this study is to identify if adding interpersonal group therapy (IPT-G) to the usual psychopharmacological and clinical management treatment will improve depressive symptoms in major depression outpatients.
Patients presenting a current unipolar depression episode (BDI-II \> 18) without response to 2 adequate antidepressants trials (optimized by dose and time) will be randomly allocated to two arms: a) Treatment-as-usual (TAU) arm: antidepressant + Clinical management; b) Add-on strategy arm: 14 sessions of IPT-Group added to TAU. IPT-Group will be delivered following manualized guidelines (WHO, 2016 and Stuart et al. 2012). The choice of antidepressants for TAU will be based on the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) recommendations. Clinical management will follow the National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) recommendations for clinical management. Depression episode will be diagnosed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-PLUS). The following variables will be evaluated at baseline and the end of the add-on intervention in both arms of the study: a) depression symptoms- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; b) anxiety symptoms - Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); c) quality of life- World Health Organization Quality of life Instrument short version (WHOQOL-bref); d) social support- Medical Outcomes Study Social. Support Survey (MOS-SSS); e) resilience- The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS); f) attachment- The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS-R) Depression symptoms are the primary outcome. Anxiety symptoms and quality of life the secondary outcomes. Social support, resilience, and attachment will be considered as both secondary outcome and mediator or moderators in a multivariate model. The database will be built using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture). Sample size estimation to detect a 5-point difference between the groups with a standard deviation of 6, considering α = 0,05 and power of 90%, suggests a 64 subjects sample. With the estimation of a loss of 25% of the sample during the study, 80 patients will be included (40 in each arm). A trained psychotherapist will conduct five IPT-G groups with eight patients in each group. Study design and analysis will use Intention-to-treat analysis. For quantitative variables testing, student-T test t (normal distribution) or Mann Whitney (absence of normal distribution) will be used with a 5% level of significance. Categorical variables will be tested using the Chi-square with exact Fischer test with a 5% level of significance. Hierarchical linear regression will be used to determine the variables that could predict a reduction in the depression scores of the BDI-II. All analysis will be performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
18
Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy added to usual treatment (Pharmacotherapy + clinical management)
Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Rate of Depression symptoms
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI- II) brazilian version is an self-evaluation instrument, that the scale total scores aims to identify and quantify mild, moderate and severe depression. The patient is invited to answer how he has felt in the last week. The scale consists in 21 items including symptoms and attitudes, whose intensity varies from 0 to 3. The items refer to sadness, pessimism, past failure, lack of satisfaction, loss of pleasure, feelings of guilt, sense of punishment, self-steam, self-criticism, thoughts or desires of suicide, crying, agitation, loss of interest, indecision, devaluation, lack of energy, change in sleep patterns, irritability, changes in appetite, concentration difficulty, fatigue, loss of interest in sex. For patients diagnosed with Major Depression, the cut points are: 0-13 minimum, 14-19 mild depression, 20-28 moderate depression, 29-63 severe depression.
Time frame: 14 weeks
Rate of Anxiety symptoms
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) brazilian version is a self-evaluation scale, total scores consists in 21 questions about how the individual has felt in the last week, expressed in common anxiety symptoms, such as sweating and feelings of anguish. The possible answers are: no, slightly, moderately and severely. The scores are: 0-10 minimum degree of anxiety, 11-19 mild anxiety, 20-30 moderate anxiety, 31-63 severe anxiety.
Time frame: 14 weeks
Rate of Quality of life domains
Differences in the World Health Organization Quality of life abbreviated questionaire instrument (WHOQOL-Bref) brazilian version scale scores in four domains (Physical, Psychological, Social Relationships and Environmental). Consists in 26 questions (each with a scale of Likert type composed of five degrees of intensity), two of them related to overall quality of life and health status and 24 facets of quality of life in general. The results can be: needs to improve (1 to 2,9), regular (3 to 3,9), good (4 to 4,9) and very good (5).
Time frame: 14 weeks
Rate of Social support
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Difference in the Social Support Scale (MOS) validated for Brazil scores. Composed of self-applied items, multiple choice with a score of 1 to 5 (Likert scale) evaluates the perception of individuals on social support in health contexts. It consists in 19 items distributed in 4 dimensions: positive social interaction, possible social support, affective social support, emotional social support and informational social support. The patient should answer to each option: never, rarely, sometimes, often or always. In the end, the results are transformed in a punctuation of 0 to 100.
Time frame: 14 weeks
Rate of Resilience
Difference in the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) total scores. The self-evaluation scale is a short version validated for Portuguese in Brazil and it is composed of 14 items, in the Likert format, with the score 1 to 7 for each question. It evaluates the perception of individuals about psychological characteristics linked to resilience. Higher overall scores indicate greater resilience. It is organized in 6 factors: self perception, future planning, social competences, family cohesion, social resources and structured style.
Time frame: 14 weeks
Style of Attachment
Difference in the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS-R) scores. The Portuguese version will be used, which has previously been used in the Brazilian population. It is a self-evaluation scale that consists in 18 items, marked on a Likert scale of 5 points. It measures the attachment style of the adults defined according to 3 dimensions: anxiety, comfort with proximity and confidence in others.
Time frame: 14 weeks