Control of Renal Oxygen Consumption, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Insulin Resistance

Inclusion Criteria -- Type 1 Diabetes: * Antibody positive Type 1 Diabetes with duration \> 5 years * BMI between 18.5 and 30 kg/m2 * Weight \< 350 lbs * HbA1c \< 11% * Hemoglobin \>= 12 g/dl Exclusion Criteria -- Type 1 Diabetes: * Recent diagnosis (within 3 months) of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) * Severe illness * Pregnancy, nursing * Anemia * Allergy to shellfish or iodine * Claustrophobia or implantable metal devices (MRI contraindications) * High blood pressure (greater than 130/80 mm Hg) * Elevated Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) (\>30 mg/g) or estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) \<90 ml/min/1.73 m2 * Taking ACE inhibitors (ACEis), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, Sodium Glucose Transporter (SGLT) 1/2 blockers Inclusion Criteria -- Healthy Controls: * No diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes * BMI between 18.5 and 30 kg/m2 * Weight \< 350 lbs * HbA1c \< 11% * Hemoglobin \>= 12 g/dl Exclusion Criteria -- Healthy Controls: * Severe illness * Pregnancy, nursing * Anemia * Allergy to shellfish or iodine * Claustrophobia or implantable metal devices (MRI contraindications) * High blood pressure (greater than 130/80 mm Hg) * Elevated UACR (\>30 mg/g) or eGFR \<90 ml/min/1.73 m2 * Taking ACE inhibitors (ACEis), Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, SGLT 1/2 blockers Additional exclusion criteria for participants undergoing optional kidney biopsy: * Evidence of bleeding disorder or complications from bleeding * Use of aspirin, NSAIDS or other blood thinner that cannot be safely stopped for a sufficient time period before and after the biopsy so as to add no additional risk of bleeding * Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) \> 80 gm/dL * INR \> 1.4 * PTT \> 35 seconds * Hemoglobin (Hgb) \< 10 mg/dL * Platelet count \< 100,000 / µL * Uncontrolled or difficult to control hypertension (\> 150/90 mmHg at the day of biopsy) * eGFR \< 40 mL/min/1.73m2 * Single kidney (either by history, documented by prior imaging or ultrasound performed prior to the biopsy) * \> 2 cm discrepancy between left and right kidney sizes based on largest longitudinal diameter determined by ultrasound performed prior to the biopsy. * Kidney size: One or both kidneys \< 9 cm * Hydronephrosis or other important renal ultrasound findings such as significant stone disease * Any evidence of a current urinary tract infection as indicated on day of biopsy * Clinical evidence of non-diabetic renal disease * Positive urine pregnancy test or pregnancy