Chronic pain affects more than 50 million adults in the United States and is estimated to cost the nation more than $560 billion dollars each year. Regular physical activity is widely recognized as essential for maintaining health for all individuals, but is particularly important for individuals with chronic pain (ICPs) as physical activity can prevent further deconditioning and may even improve pain outcomes. Previous literature has shown that certain categories of partner behaviors (e.g., solicitous, punishing, distracting) are associated with different health outcomes for ICPs, and recently researchers have begun examining partner behaviors through the lens of Self-Determination Theory, specifically looking at the effects of autonomy support from a spouse on physical activity among ICPs. Partner autonomy support has been positively associated with physical activity levels and better health outcomes, but no studies to date have explored what factors predict whether or not a partner will use an autonomy supportive interpersonal style (as opposed to a controlling interpersonal style) with the ICP. Similarly, more research is needed on the mechanisms by which autonomy support promotes positive outcomes for ICPs. Though receiving autonomy support has been linked to increased physical activity and improved mental health, no studies have yet tested the full Self-Determination Theory model as one possible explanation of the link between this form of partner support and desirable health outcomes. In particular, it is important to understand the ICP's perspective on how partner autonomy support influences need satisfaction and autonomous motivation as possible mediators between autonomy support and ICP physical activity. Furthermore, little research has explored other need supportive behaviors or their need frustrating counterparts. The current study will not only provide greater understanding of autonomy support, but will also expand the literature regarding these other need supportive and need thwarting behaviors. Lastly, given the value of need supportive behaviors from one's partner, it is essential to evaluate how partner perceptions of those need supportive behaviors align with ICP's perceptions of those behaviors. Any need support a partner provides is likely moderated by the ICP's perception of that support.
Chronic pain affects more than 50 million adults in the United States and is estimated to cost the nation more than $560 billion dollars each year. Regular physical activity is widely recognized as essential for maintaining health for all individuals, but is particularly important for individuals with chronic pain (ICPs) as physical activity can prevent further deconditioning and may even improve pain outcomes. Previous literature has shown that certain categories of partner behaviors (e.g., solicitous, punishing, distracting) are associated with different health outcomes for ICPs, and recently researchers have begun examining partner behaviors through the lens of Self-Determination Theory, specifically looking at the effects of autonomy support from a spouse on physical activity among ICPs. Partner autonomy support has been positively associated with physical activity levels and better health outcomes, but no studies to date have explored what factors predict whether or not a partner will use an autonomy supportive interpersonal style (as opposed to a controlling interpersonal style) with the ICP. Similarly, more research is needed on the mechanisms by which autonomy support promotes positive outcomes for ICPs. Though receiving autonomy support has been linked to increased physical activity and improved mental health, no studies have yet tested the full Self-Determination Theory model as one possible explanation of the link between this form of partner support and desirable health outcomes. In particular, it is important to understand the ICP's perspective on how partner autonomy support influences need satisfaction and autonomous motivation as possible mediators between autonomy support and ICP physical activity. Furthermore, little research has explored other need supportive behaviors or their need frustrating counterparts. The current study will not only provide greater understanding of autonomy support, but will also expand the literature regarding these other need supportive and need thwarting behaviors. Lastly, given the value of need supportive behaviors from one's partner, it is essential to evaluate how partner perceptions of those need supportive behaviors align with ICP's perceptions of those behaviors. Any need support a partner provides is likely moderated by the ICP's perception of that support. Self-determination theory (SDT) posits that contextual, perceptual, and individual factors may influence how much an individual uses an autonomy supportive interpersonal style through the mediators of basic psychological need satisfaction and on autonomous motivation. The present study used path analysis to test a SDT model of the relationships between a contextual factor (autonomy support from health care provider), a perceptual factor (partner's perception of ICP motivation for physical activity), an individual factor (partner catastrophizing about ICP's pain), and the sequential mediators of relationship need satisfaction and autonomous motivation with respect to the dependent variable of partner's use of an autonomy supportive interpersonal style.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
400
No intervention, this study will use self-report information regarding health, social, and behavioral factors for each member of the couple.
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Physical Activity as Assessed by the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities [PASIPD]
This 13-item scale measures physical activity among individuals with physical disabilities. Respondents report approximately how much time they engage in 1) home repair and lawn and garden work, 2) housework, 3) vigorous sport and recreation, 4) moderate sport and recreation, and 5) occupation and transportation. Respondents answer on a 4-point Likert scale, with responses ranging from 1 (Never) to 4 (Often) or from 1 (Less than 1 hr) to 4 (More than 4hr). Items 2-13 are used to calculate the total score; the average hours per day in an activity are multiplied by a value of metabolic equivalents (METs, provided with the PASIPD scale), these values are then summed to calculate the total MET hour/day.
Time frame: Past seven days (Prior to when participant takes cross-sectional survey.)
Use of Need Supportive Interpersonal Behaviors as Assessed by "Interpersonal Behaviors Questionnaire" (Self-report Version) [IBQ-Self]
The IBQ-Self is a 24-item self-report scale that measures how much an individual engages with others via behaviors that either support or thwart basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, \& relatedness). There are six subscales, each consists of four items, which are summed to provide a subscore, ranging from 4 to 28. Higher scores for a subscale indicate that an individual perceives they use those particular behaviors more frequently. Higher scores for autonomy support, competence support, and relatedness support are considered desirable, while lower scores for autonomy thwarting, competence thwarting, and relatedness thwarting are also viewed as more adaptive. Cronbach's alphas for the six subscales indicate acceptable reliability (αs = 0.77 to 0.82).
Time frame: Up to 2 weeks. Participant will answer while completing cross-sectional survey, for most this is less than 30 minutes, however, participants have up to 2 weeks to complete survey. Participant responds regarding how they usually interact with partner.
Frequency of Depressive Symptoms as Assessed by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10)
The CES-D-10 is a self-report measure that assesses depressive symptomatology. Respondents rate items on a 4-point Likert scale describing how often the participant felt or behaved in a certain way during the past week. The responses range from 0 "Rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day)" to 3 "Most or all of the time (5-7 days)." A total score on the CES-D-10 is yielded by summing the scores for all items, and may range from 0 to 30. A score of 10 or greater is used as a screening cutoff to indicate the presence of depression. Lower scores indicate fewer depressive symptoms and are considered desirable. The scale has good reliability, a = 0.89.
Time frame: Past week (Prior to when participant takes cross-sectional survey.)
Frequency of Anxiety Symptoms as Assessed by GAD-7
The GAD-7 is a 7-item self-report measure that assesses symptomatology consistent with generalized anxiety disorder. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale describing how often the participant has experienced possible symptoms. The responses range from 0 "Not at all" to 3 "Nearly every day." Total scores are calculated for the GAD-7 by summing all the items, and may range from 0 to 21. Lower scores indicate fewer anxiety symptoms and are indicative of greater wellbeing. A cut point score of 10 or higher has been shown to have good specificity (89%) and sensitivity (82%) for identifying individuals with and without generalized anxiety disorder. The GAD-7 has demonstrated good internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha at 0.92.
Time frame: Past 2 weeks (Prior to when participant takes cross-sectional survey.)
Use of Need Supportive Interpersonal Behaviors as Assessed by Interpersonal Behaviors Questionnaire (Other-report Version) [IBQ-Other]
The IBQ-Other is a 24-item self-report scale that measures how an individual perceives others' interactions with them in terms of supporting or thwarting the respondent's basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence \& relatedness). There are six subscales, each consists of four items, which are summed to provide a subscore ranging from 4 to 28. Higher scores for a subscale indicate that an individual perceives that people they interact with use those particular behaviors more frequently. Higher scores for autonomy support, competence support, relatedness support, and lower scores for autonomy thwarting, competence thwarting, and relatedness thwarting are considered desirable. Cronbach's alphas for the six subscales indicate acceptable reliability (αs = 0.75 to 0.89).
Time frame: Up to 2 weeks. Participant will answer while completing cross-sectional survey, for most this is less than 30 minutes, however, participants have up to 2 weeks to complete survey. Participant responds regarding how partner typically interacts with them.
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