Background An increasing number of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) undergo lumbar spinal fusion (LSF). Unfortunately, a substantial part of the patients still has persistent pain, functional disability and poor quality of life after surgery. Research in the field of rehabilitation after LSF call for high quality research to focus on active approaches which incorporate an early bio-psycho-social focus. A focus which include the patient's context, experiences and thoughts even more in the clinical decision making. The primary objective of this trial is to examine the effect of an early active rehabilitation-intervention consisting of Graded Activity and Pain Education (GAPE) on sedentary behavior in a population of patients undergoing LSF. The secondary objectives are to examine the effect of GAPE on disability, pain, fear of move-ment, self-efficacy for exercise and health related quality of life. Methods: The study is a randomized controlled trial planned to include 144 patients after LSF caused by degeneration of the lumbar spine (including spondylolisthesis). The patients will be randomly assigned to receive either usual care or usual care plus GAPE. GAPE consists of 9 individual sessions, with an overall purpose to influence the patient beliefs and thoughts about movement and pain towards increased self-efficacy for exercise and decreased fear of movement. A physiotherapist will in close collaboration with the patient plan GAPE based on an in-depth pain-anamnesis, individually set functional goals and observations of the patients in their homes. The primary outcome will be "reduction in sedentary behavior" measured by an accelerometer. Sec-ondary outcome will include disability, pain, fear of movement, self-efficacy for exercise and quality of life. Data will be collected at baseline (pre-surgery), and at 3, 6- and 12-months post-surgery.
Introduction: Over half a Billion people worldwide report low back pain (LBP), and it is the leading cause of disability at all levels of income and age groups. For the majority of people with LBP the condition has a natural course and the pain will diminish over time, but for a small percentage the conditions turns into a chronic state with significant levels of life disruption, healthcare costs and economic losses and even premature death. Lumbar spinal fusion (LSF) is a widely adopted surgical procedure for the treatment of persistent LBP, with the aim of relieving pain and increasing functional ability. Over recent decades a substantially increasing number of patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) undergo LSF in the western world. Unfortunately, a substantial part of the patients undergoing spine surgery still have persistent pain, functional disability and poor quality of life 4 and 8-10 years after surgery. A report from the Swedish Spine register shows that pain level remains the same 1-5 years after LSF for 25 % of the patients, and consumption of medication remains unchanged in almost 50 % of the patients. Rationale: The majority of patients (70 %) planned for spine surgery have fear of movement, and it is well supported in the literature that fear of movement, avoidance coping, negative affect and depression postoperative are associated with persistent pain and function after spine surgery up to 3 years postoperative. Individual differences of pain related coping strategies after LSF also seems to have an influence on the patient's sedentary behavior postoperative. Research in the field of rehabilitation after LSF have thereby resulted in a growing consensus that a bio-psycho-social approach to rehabilitation is needed. An approach which should start quite early after surgery, and which should focus on the patient's diverse way of living with a disease and the interrelationship between both the biological, psychological and social factors. A systematic review found that "complex interventions" comprising of exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy offers short and long term functional benefits to patients following LSF. Another RCT confirmed that an early intervention using a cognitive behavioral approach performed by a physiotherapist decreased fear of movement, increased self-efficacy and improved patient-reported and performance-based outcomes in patients after lumbar spine surgery six months after surgery. Research in the field of rehabilitation after LSF call for high quality research to confirm the importance of including an early active approach with a cognitive and behavioral perspective, and advocate for interventions to incorporate the patients context, experiences and thoughts even more in the clinical decision making. Intervention: Graded activity is an exercise paradigm which takes a behavioral approach using the principles of operant conditioning. The principles of operant conditioning are to modify negative pain behaviors and disrupt the fear avoidance cycle and thereby increase the patient's physical activity or functioning. Relevant information about pain, healing and the effects of disuse can likely influence what a patient anticipate about movement despite pain. Several studies have investigated the effect of pain education to patients with CLBP and found it efficient. A combination of pain education and exercise for patients with CLBP are furthermore showing promising results. Therefore, a combination of Graded Activity and Pain Education (GAPE) seems to be a suitable approach for early post-operative rehabilitation for patients with LSF, as behavioral, cognitive and physical factors will be addressed in one intervention. Objective and hypothesis The primary objective of this randomized controlled trial is to examine the effect of an early active intervention consisting of Graded Activity and Pain Education (GAPE) on sedentary behavior in a population of patients undergoing LSF. The secondary objectives are to examine the effect of GAPE on disability, pain, fear of movement, self-efficacy for exercise and health related quality of life.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
144
GAPE is based on a cognitive behavioral perspective that human behavior is affected by behavioral, cognitive and affective factors, this include the patient's perception of and response to pain. The perspective is a psycho-social perspective which amplify and interact with the individual patient's pathology. The overall theoretical perspective in GAPE is that fear of movement and/or lack of self-efficacy for exercise can potentially lead to disuse and sedentary behavior, a perspective modified from the fear-avoidance model. In this modified version the patients´ and the physiotherapists´ former experiences, knowledge, and beliefs are factors influencing on the patients´ experience of pain and thereby their self-efficacy for exercise and fear of movement.
Department of Occupational and Physiotherapy, Rigshospitalet Glostrup
Glostrup Municipality, Denmark
Change from baseline in sedentary behavior (sitting or reclining/lying posture)
Sedentary behavior will in this study be defined as: "Any waking behavior characterized by a sitting or reclining/lying posture". Sedentary behavior will be assessed objectively as the number of minutes per day the patient is sedentary (lying down and sitting) measured by SENS motion activity measurement system. SENS is a small accelerometer placed within a small plaster to be worn on the patient's thigh. The SENS motion system is considered a reliable and valid device for measuring sedentary behavior. The patients will wear the accelerometer for 7 consecutive days during the week before surgery, and in 7 days at three- and 12-months post-surgery.
Time frame: 3 months post-surgery
Change from baseline in sedentary behavior (sitting or reclining/lying posture)
Sedentary behavior will in this study be defined as: "Any waking behavior characterized by a sitting or reclining/lying posture". Sedentary behavior will be assessed objectively as the number of minutes per day the patient is sedentary (lying down and sitting) measured by SENS motion activity measurement system. SENS is a small accelerometer placed within a small plaster to be worn on the patient's thigh. The SENS motion system is considered a reliable and valid device for measuring sedentary behavior. The patients will wear the accelerometer for 7 consecutive days during the week before surgery, and in 7 days at three- and 12-months post-surgery.
Time frame: 12 months
Ostwestry Disability Index: Disability
Disability will be measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). ODI is a validated measure of condition-specific disability originally developed for patients with LBP. The Danish version of ODI has been validated and shown acceptable responsiveness, reliability, and validity. The ODI consists of ten items regarding pain intensity, personal care, lifting, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, sex life, social life, and traveling. For each item the patient chooses one of six answers, with 0 representing no difficulty in the activity and 5 representing maximal difficulty.
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS pain): Pain
Pain in the back and legs is assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The endings of the line have verbal descriptions: 0 (''no pain'') - 100 ("the worst pain imaginable"). An example of a VAS scale is drawn and the text to the scale is as following: "Mark your pain level for the past week by a mark on each line below as in the example. The lines are a scale that on the far left corresponds to painless and on the far right corresponds to the worst possible pain. With a mark on the line you register how your pain has been within the past week".
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia: Fear of movement
Fear of movement will be assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK). The TSK has shown satisfactory psychometric properties and validity in a wide variety of spinal and musculoskeletal diseases, including neck pain, LBP, and fibromyalgia. TSK is also a responsive measure in subjects after lumbar fusion undergoing multidisciplinary cognitive behavioral rehabilitation. The original version of TSK consisted of 17 items intended to assess fear of movement and fear of (re)injury. In this study a short version of 11 items will be used, as this has also been found valid, reliable and responsive. Respondents are asked to indicate to what extent the items are a true description of the assumed association between movement and (re)injury on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Several studies have found support for the construct and predictive validity and reliability.
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
EuroQol 5: Health-related quality of life
Quality of life will be assessed using the EuroQol 5 Dimensions 3 levels (EQ-5D-3L). The EQ-5D is a generic questionnaire developed by an international research group including researchers from Denmark. EQ-5D-3L consist of 5 dimensions in health-related quality of life: Mobility, Self-care, usual activities, Pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each dimension is divided into three levels: no problems, some problems or extreme problems. EQ-5D-3L also include a 20-cm vertical scale, were the respondent are asked to describe his/her own health with endpoints of 'best imaginable health state' set at 100 and 'worst imaginable health state' set at 0. The EQ-5D has been validated in Danish, including the development of preference values and Danish population norms.
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
Self-efficacy for exercise scale: Self-efficacy for exercise
Self-efficacy for exercise will be assessed using the questionnaire Self-efficacy for Exercise Scale (SEES). The SEES consist of nine items that measure how confident the patient is in exercising. The total range is from 0 to 90 points were higher scores indicate a higher degree of self-efficacy for exercise. The SEES is translated to Swedish and show substantial test-retest reliability and satisfactory content and internal consistency with older adults. SEES included in this study will be a Danish (not validated) version of SEES.
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
Patient satisfaction with results of the surgery
Patient satisfaction will be used to evaluate the patient's satisfaction regarding movement and pain after surgery. Regarding movement patients will be asked to judge their capacity to move their back after surgery on a visual analogue scale (VAS). In their considerations they are asked to include both movement of the back during activity of daily living and how safe they feel during movement of their back. The endings of the line have verbal descriptions: 0 (''very satisfied with my capacity to move my back post-surgery'') - 100 ("Not at all satisfied with my capacity to move my back post-surgery"). Regarding pain patients will be asked to compare back/leg pain before operation until now. The patient can mark in 5 boxes from: "The pain is disappeared" to "The pain is worsened" The patient will also be asked to judge the overall result of the operation from "Satisfied" to "Not satisfied".
Time frame: Baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery
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