The Biobehavioral Impact of Diet Quality on Affect and Craving

University of Michigan68 enrolled

Overview

The current study experimentally investigates whether reducing highly processed (HP) foods (defined in this study as foods high in added sugars) leads to, psychological and / or behavioral indicators of withdrawal. The following hypotheses are tested: 1. To test the hypothesis that reducing highly processed food intake will result in higher daily reports of physical (e.g. headaches), cognitive (e.g. difficulty concentrating), and affective (e.g., irritability) withdrawal symptoms). 2. To test the hypothesis that reducing highly processed food intake will result in increased negative affect (e.g., irritability, depression) as indicated by and psychological (self - reported distress ratings; daily emotion / mood reports) measures. 3. To test the hypothesis that reducing highly processed food intake will result in increased food craving as indicated by psychological (self - report craving ratings; daily craving report) measures. All activities are completed remotely. Participants complete 4 phone appointments with a trained member of the research team. Daily questionnaires and ecological momentary assessments are completed at home between phone appointments. The initial call signs electronic consent and gets baseline measurements (questionnaires). After the initial call, participants start an active assessment period (pre / post dietary change assessments). Pre-dietary change includes at home questionnaires and ecological momentary assessments while eating a typical diet. It also includes the second phone appointment. Post-dietary change includes at home questionnaires and ecological momentary assessments while consuming 3 days of food portions lower in highly processed foods. Participants will complete a food journal on the remaining 2 days of post - dietary change assessment to report what food they ate. Post - dietary change also includes the third phone appointment. The second and third phone appointments each include computer tasks and questionnaires. The final phone appointment is a debriefing interview. Participants planning to continue eating a healthier diet may also be invited to complete a follow-up period, which involves answering a short questionnaire at home every other day for two weeks. 7 individuals had in-person data collected prior to the pandemic requiring a shift to virtual data collection.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

Purpose

Interventions

Dietary Change (low in highly processed foods)BEHAVIORAL

For post-dietary change, food is provided for 3 days (participants provide own food and do food journals the other 2 days to confirm adherence). University of Michigan's Nutrition Obesity Research Center (NORC)'s Metabolic Kitchen prepares the food. Low HP food diet is based on prior methods where participants are placed on an isocaloric diet composed of 5% or less of calories from added sugar and 10% or less of overall calories from total sugar. No foods that meet the criteria for a HP food (defined by Kant and colleagues) that corresponds to: sweeteners (sugar, candy, etc); carbonated and non-carbonated beverages (fruit drinks, sweetened / diet beverages, etc.); baked / dairy desserts (cookies, ice cream, etc.); salted snacks (potato chips, etc.) and fast foods (pizza, cheeseburgers, etc.) are included in diet portions. The overall macro nutrient composition of the diet will be approximately 20-25% of kcal from protein, 30-35% of kcal from fat, and 40-50% of kcal from carbohydrates.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 25 YearsMax age: 40 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 25 to 40 * Access to internet, private computer and smart phone * Overweight (self-report BMI above 25.0) * Moderately or Highly motivated to eat a healthier diet * Mild, moderate or severe levels of addictive like eating (2 or higher on the Yale Food Addiction Scale) * Fluent in english * Willing to follow dietary guidelines provided by study team and eat only provide food for 3 days. Willing to delay dietary change until instructed to do so Exclusion Criteria: * Use of nicotine in the past month, cannabis in the past month, or illicit drugs in the past 6 months * Weight fluctuation of 20+ pounds in the last 3 months * Attempted weight loss using a formal weight loss program (e.g. weight watchers) in the last month * Prior weight loss surgery (e.g. bariatric surgery) * Medications or medical conditions that may impact study results such as medications that impact appetite, heart rate, or reward functioning (e.g. taking synthroid or has diabetes) * Current major psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., bipolar, schizophrenia, substance use disorder, eating disorder) * A diagnosis of a restrictive eating disorder in the past 5 years (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, purging disorder) * Significant dietary restrictions (e.g. allergies, veganism) * currently pregnant, breastfeeding, trying to get pregnant, or within 6 months of giving birth

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Increase in affective withdrawal symptoms during post-dietary change assessment using the Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (PRoWS).

The PRoWS is a validated self-report measure of indicators of withdrawal. Affective withdrawal symptoms are measured by asking participants to complete the Highly Processed Food Withdrawal Scale (PRoWS), which is a validated self-report measure of withdrawal. PRoWS questions ask about current feelings / emotions. Response options are "strongly disagree" "disagree" "feel neutral" "agree" and "strongly agree". Participants are asked to complete these measures every day of the pre and post dietary change. Change in self - report responses on the PRoWS at pre dietary change compared to post dietary change will be used for analyses.