Many elite athletes are submitted to frequent rapid weight loss periods to meet their competition weight category and then experience weight cycling (lowing and gaining weight regularly). This weight cycling induce severe temporary energetic and metabolic changes and when repeated over time can lead to permanent metabolic adaptations that might favor metabolic disorders, body weight gain and body composition changes (favoring fat mass). The exact effects of this weight cycling are not clear yet, especially in terms of metabolic, energetics, nutritional functional and psychological impacts. Better understand these adaptations and their variations during weight loss and weight gain in regular weight cycler is of main importance to prevent these athletes for future health issues. The aim of the present project if to assess these metabolic, functional, energetic and nutritional adaptations during weight loss, weight stable and weight gain periods in athletes experiencing regular weight cycling.
After an inclusion visit to ensure the eligibility of athletes to complete the entire study, each subject will perform 3 experimental sessions of 2 visits each : i) two visits during a period of maintenance of body weight (CON); ii) two visits during weight loss (WL); iii) two visits during a weight regain (WG). The order of the periods (maintenance, loss or weight gain) will depend on the dynamics of the weight variations of each athlete (endurance sport and weight class) during the season and will therefore be individualized. All experiments will be conducted in the same way for the CON, WL or WG session. Upon arrival, each subject will perform a resting metabolism with continuous measurement of heart rate variability (≈ 30 min). Then, from 8:30, blood and saliva samples will be taken (≈ 10 min). Then (≈ 8:45), they will perform anthropometric and body composition measurements (waist circumference, hip circumference, bioimpedance, DXA) (≈ 30 min). Following these measurements (≈ 9:15), the subjects will eat a standardized breakfast and the report to food will be evaluated thanks to the Leeds Foods Preference Questionnaire before and after the meal. They will then be asked (≈ 10h) to complete the Profile of Mood State Questionnaire to measure the athlete's psychological state. Participants will then perform a measurement of muscle function (≈ 10:30). During the second visit, carried out between 1 and 5 days after the first visit, the maximum aerobic capacity of the athletes will be evaluated by mid-morning stress test.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
48
Control of body temperature using the bodyCap temperature monitor that records body temperature for up to 48h (three times)
Chu Clermont Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Change in Body temperature
body temperature will be assessed using the bodyCap temperature monitor that records body temperature for up to 48h. this will be assessed for 24h on the three different phase (i) period of maintenance of body weight (CON); ii) two visits during weight loss (WL); iii) two visits during a weight regain (WG).)
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Body fat mass
the percentage of body fat will be assessed using X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) . This will be assessed on the three different phase (i) period of maintenance of body weight (CON); ii) two visits during weight loss (WL); iii) two visits during a weight regain (WG).)
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Body fat free mass
the percentage of body fat free will be assessed using X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) . This will be assessed on the three different phase (i) period of maintenance of body weight (CON); ii) two visits during weight loss (WL); iii) two visits during a weight regain (WG).)
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Food reward
The participants will be asked to complete a validated computer-based procedure to measure food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire; LFPQ) (Finlayson, King et al. 2008). This will be assessed on the three different phase (i) period of maintenance of body weight (CON); ii) two visits during weight loss (WL); iii) two visits during a weight regain (WG).)
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Basal Metabolic rate
the resting energy expenditure will be assessed at rest during 30 minutes using indirect calorimetry (COSMED Fitmate Pro)
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Cortisol
Cortisol concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using salivary sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of insulin mlUI/L
Insulin concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of glucose g/L
Glucose concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of triglycerides g/L
triglycerides concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of LDL g/L
LDL concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of HDL g/L
HDL concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Measure of cholesterol g/L
cholesterol concentrations will be assessed in the fasting state using blood sample.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Psychological profile
The psychological profile of the athletes will be assessed using the Profile of Mood state questionnaire that is a self-reported short pain and paper questionnaire.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
Muscle strength
the muscle strength (in watt) will be assessed during a forced isometric contraction on a biodex.
Time frame: Day 1 , Day 60 , Day 90
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