This randomized control trial will investigate whether using yoga as physical activity improves quality of life, self-efficacy for physical activity, reactive balance, and dual tasking more than education, journaling, and meditation alone in people with Multiple Sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation specifically targeting the central nervous system. 1 It is associated with destruction of the surrounding myelin sheaths leading to formation of plaques/lesions dispersed throughout the brain and spinal cord. 1 The prevalence of MS is nearly one million in the United States with the majority of diagnoses occurring between the ages of 20 and 50. 2 Though the precise etiology remains unknown, genetic and environmental factors have been linked to the cause and therefore MS is considered a multifactorial disease. 3 Hallmark signs of MS include progressive demyelination, oligodendrocyte damage, and ultimately axonal destruction. These adaptations occur due to an inflammatory response consisting of macrophages, microglia, T and B Cells, followed by an intense astrocyte reaction leading to glial scarring, a common characteristic of chronic MS lesions. 4 According to Lassmann 1, clinical deficits seen throughout the course of MS are more closely correlated to the degree of axonal loss as opposed to the amount of lesions or extent of demyelination. These include deficits in cognition, vision, bowel and bladder control, coordination, and loss of muscle strength. 5 Multiple Sclerosis has various subtypes making the clinical course heterogeneous among patients. 6 Subtypes include: clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). 6 The variability of disease course for each individual subtype is extremely important, and should be taken into consideration for prognosis and intervention options. 3 Due to the aggressive, progressive, unpredictable nature of MS, lack of evidence for a cure, and the wide array of cognitive and physical symptoms, MS can detrimentally impact a patient's health and reduce overall quality of life. 7 Current research advocates for physical activity (PA) as an intervention to combat these effects. Physical activity is referred to here as low to moderate level exercise. 8 Some individuals with MS who incorporated long-term physical activity into their life demonstrated a decrease in the progression of the disease and a reduction in MS flare-ups. 9 In order to successfully implement PA based interventions for the management of MS one must first identify individual motivators for PA. 5 Motivators for physical activity include self-efficacy and internalized motivation which are derived from physical activity outcomes. 5Self-efficacy is "the belief that one can successfully cope with challenging conditions" 7 whereas self -determination refers to the origin of one's motivation. 8 Other researchers found that "those with MS who were more physically active had greater self-efficacy for function and control, and self-efficacy for function and control were associated with greater physical and psychological components of quality of life." 7 However, the vast majority of those diagnosed with MS avoid exerting themselves due to symptoms of muscle weakness and fatigue; this lack of PA is thought to exacerbate those symptoms which then leads to a perpetual cycle of inactivity and flare-ups. 8,9 Therefore, it has also been theorized that a program designed for MS patients which focuses on promoting self-efficacy could lead to long-term PA participation and thus result in increased quality of life. 8 One such form of physical activity that could provide physiological and psychological benefits for individuals diagnosed with MS is yoga. "Yoga is an ancient Indian, non-religious mind- body approach that has components centering on meditation, mindfulness, breathing, and activity or postures." 10 Exercise programs which involve these components have been found to improve the quality of life by addressing the biopsychosocial (BPS) model. The BPS model is composed of biological, psychological and social components which has been found to have a positive impact on an individual's health. 11 Therefore, it is hypothesized that by increasing muscular strength and flexibility while decreasing affective factors such as depression, stress and anxiety and improving social factors will improve an individual's overall well-being and allow them to cope with the symptoms associated with MS. 11,12 Numerous studies have found yoga to be beneficial in improving fatigue and other symptoms associated with MS. 13 For example, standing yoga poses can promote improved reactive balance through the use of stepping strategies. Yoga also has the potential to reduce cognitive and motor costs for individuals during dual tasks resulting in decreased interference and thus optimal functioning in more challenging conditions. 14 Previous research has demonstrated that yoga significantly improved "physical performance and mental function" and factors associated with quality of life in subjects with MS.15 Based on these findings, the investigators hypothesize that yoga will improve quality of life and self-efficacy for physical activity in people living with MS.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Participants will be lead through a series of yoga poses by a licensed physical therapist with advanced training in yoga. Participants in this group will also receive education related to MS as well as SMART goal setting, journaling and guided meditation. Modifications will be offered as needed.
Participants in this group will receive education related to MS as well as SMART goal setting, journaling, and guided meditation.
Winston Salem State University
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
Mini BESTest (Change is being assessed)
Participants will each complete the Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (MiniBEST). This assessment is a series of 14 tests measuring anticipatory balance, reactive postural control, sensory orientation, and dynamic gait. 16 The 14 tests will be analyzed together to determine reactive and anticipatory balance, as well as, dual task capabilities. Subjects will be tested with flat-heeled shoes or with shoes and socks off. 16 Each of the 14 items are scored on an ordinal scale from 0-2 with a total of 28 points possible. Higher scores indicate higher levels of function, with 0 indicating the lowest level of function and 2 indicating the highest level of function. Two of the 14 items (Item 3 and Item 6) have right and left assessments in which the lower of the two sides is calculated into the total. If an assistive device is used during an item the score is lowered by one point. If the participant requires physical assistance then the item is automatically scored a 0. 16
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
9 hole peg test (Change is being assessed)
Test of fine motor coordination where subjects are asked to use their hands to move 9 pegs from one side of a tray to another. This is a timed outcome.
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Timed 25 ft walk (Change is being assessed)
Subjects are asked to walk 25 ft over level surfaces and are timed
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Markus Self-Efficacy Scale (Change is being assessed)
The Marcus Self Efficacy Scale is a survey which will be used to measure participants' beliefs about their ability to exercise. 23 This scale consists of five items that resemble barriers to exercise such as planning time, environmental factors, and physical or emotional well-being. 23 For each scenario, participants rate their confidence on an 11-point Likert scale; 0 is 'does not apply to me,' 1 is 'not at all confident' and 11 is 'very confident.' 23 Lower scores indicate lower self-efficacy and suggest less inclination to participate in exercise. According to Marcus et al, this scale scored a test-retest reliability of r=.90 over a two-week period.
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Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Quality of Life Scale (Change is being assessed)
The Quality of Life (QoL) survey consists of 32 items created by Gill et al. 24 This survey allows the participant to evaluate their quality of life based on the biopsychosocial model. The participants are asked to circle a number from 1 'poor' to 5 'excellent' based on their perception of their quality of life. Gill et al 24 recommended the QoL survey as a valuable tool in research based on its psychometric properties. Gill et al 25 re-evaluated the QoL survey for test-retest reliability and compared to other quality of life measurements. Gill et al 24 reported reliability of .793 for ADL and .950 for spirituality. In addition, the QoL survey demonstrated good test-retest reliability ranging from .677 to .816, and intraclass correlations from .676 to .809. 25
Time frame: Pre and post intervention(Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Patient Determined Disease Steps (Change is being assessed)
The Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS) will be completed by participants in order to determine their level of disability based on their method of ambulation. 26 This outcome measure is based on the Disease Steps scale created by Hohol et al 27 which sought to provide neurologists with a simple guide for therapeutic intervention and to assess patient progress. The PDDS consists of nine ordinal rankings from 0 (normal) to 8 (bedridden). The PDDS has a strong correlation with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) which is the most widely accepted measure for MS disability; this confirms criterion validity. 26 According to Learmonth et al 26 the PDDS is a valid and useful patient-reported score system for assessing disability in individuals with MS.
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (Change is being assessed)
The Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) is a self-reported survey which will be used to determine the impact of fatigue on an individual over the last four weeks. 28 This consists of twenty-one items rated on a 5-point Likert scale with 0 being 'never' and 4 being 'almost always'. Scores can be subdivided into physical, psychosocial, and cognitive subscales. Total scores range from 0-84 with higher scores indicating greater fatigue and MS related fatigue is identified as a score of 38 or greater. 28 The minimal clinically important change for the MFIS is 16 points short-term and 20 points long-term. 28 Learmonth et al 28 found the MFIS has an excellent test-retest reliability of 0.837 over a 6-month period. In addition, Amtmann et al 29 found that the MFIS has excellent internal consistency, demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.93, and known groups validity.
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Change is being assessed)
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a 19 item self-rated questionnaire that will be completed by the participants. The PSQI will serve as a subjective measure of sleep for participants participating in the study, and allow for discrimination between "good" and "poor" sleepers. 30 The 19 individual items assessed help to generate seven component, consisting of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction. 30 A global score is obtained from the seven components, ranging from 0-21, with higher scores reflecting poor sleep quality. 31 While the PSQI has not been specifically validated in people diagnosed with MS, it has been used to assess changes in sleep patterns in those diagnosed with MS in many different studies. 30,31
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Godin Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (Change is being assessed)
The Godin is a 3-question, self-report measure that assesses the frequency that individuals engage in bouts of PA at light, moderate, and strenuous levels. 34 The measure asks frequency of PA at each activity level and uses a formula to calculate a score (MET value) for weekly activity (9 x strenuous, 5 x moderate, and 3 x light). The higher the overall score, the greater the PA level. The MET scores can also be used to classify PA participation into three categories: "active" (24 and higher), "moderately active" (14-23), and "insufficiently active" (less than 14). More recently, research has proposed using only using the moderate and strenuous calculations to classify individuals as "active" (? 24 METS) and insufficiently active" (? 23 METS) to fall in line with PA guidelines in both the United States and Canada. 35-36 It has been used extensively with the MS population. 38
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Basic Demographics and Behavioral questionnaire (Change is being assessed)
A basic background questionnaire will be used to gather information on participants age, gender, work history, history with MS, and leisure and physical activity behavior.
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)
Bladder control scale
The Bladder Control Scale (BLCS) is a survey consisting of four items that briefly assess bladder. control and the impact it has on the individual's quality of life. This survey was developed by Turnbull et al (1992) and is cited by the National Multiple Sclerosis user's manual and Beadnall et al. 32 The BLCS has a scoring system ranging from 0-22 with higher scores indicating more difficulty with bladder control. 32, 33 MS specialists were consulted during the development of this scale to ensure content validity. Beadnall et al 32 noted multiple studies showing the BLCS to be valid and having good reliability.
Time frame: Pre and post intervention (Week 1 of protocol and week 7 of protocol)