Musculoskeletal pain can affect up to 40% of children and adolescents. Neck pain (NP) is one of the most prevalent painful conditions and evidence suggests that its prevalence has increased in recent decades in adolescents aged 16 to 18 years, from 22.9% in 1991 to 29.5% in 2011. Interventions based on pain neuroscience education have emerged as promising strategies in chronic pain conditions.In adults this intervention has been explored in many pain conditions, including musculoskeletal pain, but there is only one pilot study in adolescents with chronic NP and one case study in adolescents with fibromyalgia. Thus, the main objective of the present study is: (i) To compare the effectiveness of an education program based on pain neuroscience education and exercise versus exercise alone, in decreasing pain intensity in secondary school students with chronic and idiopathic NP immediately after the intervention and at 6 months. The secondary objectives are to: i) Compare the effectiveness of these programs immediately after the intervention and at 6 months in i) disability, ii) sleep, iii) pain catastrophizing, iv) fear of movement, v) self-efficacy, vi) central sensitization vii) the strength of the deep neck flexors and extensors muscles and stabilizers of the scapula; and viii) the pressure pain threshold between the two intervention groups; ii) Explore possible predictors of response to treatment.
It is anticipated that the sample will consist of 127 participants from four secondary schools that will be divided into two groups. Both groups will receive the same exercise-based intervention. The experimental group will receive, in addition to exercise, an intervention based on pain neuroscience education. The intervention will consist of 1 session per week during 8 weeks and will be applied in small groups. The intervention will be performed in a blended-learning format. Five sessions will be face-to-face with up to 45 minutes duration, performed at school and incorporated into physical education classes and 3 will be performed at home, supported by vídeos sent by WhatsApp. The first two sessions will always be face-to-face. Face-to-face sessions will be interspersed with WhatsApp sessions. Participants will be assessed, by online questionnaires, for sociodemographic aspects, pain characterization and physical activity level, disability, sleep, catastrophizing, fear of movement, self-efficacy, central sensitization and knowledge on pain neurophysiology. In addition, 3 muscle tests will be performed for the deep neck flexor and extensor muscles and scapular stabilizers, and the pressure pain thresholds in the neck and at distance will be assessed.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
127
The incorporation of the exercise in this group will be gradual, in order to decrease the education component and increase the exercise component (up to 45/60 minutes). The 1st session will be only PNE and will last approximately 45 minutes. In the 2nd session, there will be 30 minutes of PNE and the remaining 15 minutes of exercise. In the following 4th and 6th sessions, 15 minutes of each session will be used to clarify doubts and emphasize PNE concepts and strategies. The 8th session will include exercises only. In WhatsApp sessions, in addition to the video with the exercises, participants will receive activities about the PNE.
The exercise group will perform exercises in all sessions (45 minutes of exercise in face-to-face sessions). In WhatsApp sessions, participants will receive a video with exercises to perform at home.
Adolfo Portela High School
Aveiro, Portugal
Dr. Jaime Magalhães Lima High School
Aveiro, Portugal
José Estevão High School
Aveiro, Portugal
Intensity of pain
Assessed using the numeric rating scale that assesses pain intensity (range 0-10 and higher values are indicative of higher pain intensity)
Time frame: Baseline
Intensity of pain
Assessed using the numeric rating scale that assesses pain intensity (range 0-10 and higher values are indicative of higher pain intensity)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Intensity of pain
Assessed using the numeric rating scale that assesses pain intensity (range 0-10 and higher values are indicative of higher pain intensity)
Time frame: 6 months
Pain location
Assessed using a body chart where the patients identifies the painful body segments
Time frame: Baseline
Pain location
Assessed using a body chart where the patients identifies the painful body segments
Time frame: 8 weeks
Pain location
Assessed using a body chart where the patients identifies the painful body segments
Time frame: 6 months
Pain frequency
Assessed using a closed question about pain frequency in the last week. (How many times in the last week have you felt this pain?". The answer options are: Never, rarely (once a week) occasionally (2 to 3 times a week), often (more than 3 times a week) and always.
Time frame: Baseline
Pain frequency
Assessed using a closed question about neck pain frequency in the last week (How many times in the last week have you felt this pain?". The answer options are: Never, rarely (once a week) occasionally (2 to 3 times a week), often (more than 3 times a week) and always.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Pain frequency
Assessed using a closed question about neck pain frequency in the last week (How many times in the last week have you felt this pain?". The answer options are: Never, rarely (once a week) occasionally (2 to 3 times a week), often (more than 3 times a week) and always.
Time frame: 6 months
Physical activity
Assessed using two questions regarding moderate or vigorous physical activity during the week ("In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other moderate physical activity?" and "In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other vigorous physical activity?") adapted by Silva et al. 2017.
Time frame: Baseline
Physical activity
Assessed using two questions regarding moderate or vigorous physical activity during the week ("In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other moderate physical activity?" and "In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other vigorous physical activity?") adapted by Silva et al. 2017.
Time frame: 8 weeks
Physical activity
Assessed using two questions regarding moderate or vigorous physical activity during the week ("In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other moderate physical activity?" and "In addition to your physical education classes, did you perform any other vigorous physical activity?") adapted by Silva et al. 2017.
Time frame: 6 months
Disability
Assessed using the Functional Disability Inventory (Total score range from 0-60 and higher scores are indicative of greater pain-related disability)
Time frame: Baseline
Disability
Assessed using the Functional Disability Inventory (Total score range from 0-60 and higher scores are indicative of greater pain-related disability)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Disability
Assessed using the Functional Disability Inventory (Total score range from 0-60 and higher scores are indicative of greater pain-related disability)
Time frame: 6 months
Sleep
Assessed using the Basic Scale of Symptoms of Insomnia and Sleep Quality (Total score range from 0-28 and higher scores are indicative of poorer sleep quality)
Time frame: Baseline
Sleep
Assessed using the Basic Scale of Symptoms of Insomnia and Sleep Quality (Total score range from 0-28 and higher scores are indicative of poorer sleep quality)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Sleep
Assessed using the Basic Scale of Symptoms of Insomnia and Sleep Quality (Total score range from 0-28 and higher scores are indicative of poorer sleep quality)
Time frame: 6 months
Pain catastrophizing
Assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Total score range from 0-52 and higher values are indicative of higher pain catastrophizing)
Time frame: Baseline
Pain catastrophizing
Assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Total score range from 0-52 and higher values are indicative of higher pain catastrophizing)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Pain catastrophizing
Assessed using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Total score range from 0-52 and higher values are indicative of higher pain catastrophizing)
Time frame: 6 months
Fear of movement
Assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (Total score range from 13-52 and higher values are indicative of higher levels of fear of movement)
Time frame: Baseline
Fear of movement
Assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (Total score range from 13-52 and higher values are indicative of higher levels of fear of movement)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Fear of movement
Assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (Total score range from 13-52 and higher values are indicative of higher levels of fear of movement)
Time frame: 6 months
Self-efficacy
Assessed using the Self-Efficacy Pain Scale (Total score range from 7 to 35 points and lower scores are indicate of greater self-efficacy)
Time frame: Baseline
Self-efficacy
Assessed using the Self-Efficacy Pain Scale (Total score range from 7 to 35 points and lower scores are indicate of greater self-efficacy)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Self-efficacy
Assessed using the Self-Efficacy Pain Scale (Total score range from 7 to 35 points and lower scores are indicate of greater self-efficacy)
Time frame: 6 months
Central Sensitization
Assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (Total score range from 0 to 100 and higher scores are indicative of a higher degree of symptomatology associated with central sensitization)
Time frame: Baseline
Central Sensitization
Assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (Total score range from 0 to 100 and higher scores are indicative of a higher degree of symptomatology associated with central sensitization)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Central Sensitization
Assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (Total score range from 0 to 100 and higher scores are indicative of a higher degree of symptomatology associated with central sensitization)
Time frame: 6 months
Knowledge of pain neuroscience
Assessed using the Pain Neurophysiology Questionnaire (Total score range from 0-19 and higher values are indicative of more knowledge on pain neurophysiology)
Time frame: Baseline
Knowledge of pain neuroscience
Assessed using the Pain Neurophysiology Questionnaire (Total score range from 0-19 and higher values are indicative of more knowledge on pain neurophysiology)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Knowledge of pain neuroscience
Assessed using the Pain Neurophysiology Questionnaire (Total score range from 0-19 and higher values are indicative of more knowledge on pain neurophysiology)
Time frame: 6 months
Muscular resistance of the deep flexor muscles of the cervical
Assessed using the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: Baseline
Muscular resistance of the deep flexor muscles of the cervical
Assessed using the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Muscular resistance of the deep flexor muscles of the cervical
Assessed using the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 6 months
Muscular endurance of the deep cervical extensor muscles
Assessed using the Cervical Extensor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: Baseline
Muscular endurance of the deep cervical extensor muscles
Assessed using the Cervical Extensor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Muscular endurance of the deep cervical extensor muscles
Assessed using the Cervical Extensor Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 6 months
Muscular resistance of the stabilizing muscles of the scapular girdle
Assessed using the Scapular Muscle Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: Baseline
Muscular resistance of the stabilizing muscles of the scapular girdle
Assessed using the Scapular Muscle Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Muscular resistance of the stabilizing muscles of the scapular girdle
Assessed using the Scapular Muscle Endurance Test (the time, in seconds, that each participant will performed the test position will be recorded)
Time frame: 6 months
Pressure Pain Threshold
Assessed using the algometer (the point of minimum pressure that induces a pain sensation will be recorded)
Time frame: Baseline
Pressure Pain Threshold
Assessed using the algometer (the point of minimum pressure that induces a pain sensation will be recorded)
Time frame: 8 weeks
Pressure Pain Threshold
Assessed using the algometer (the point of minimum pressure that induces a pain sensation will be recorded)
Time frame: 6 months
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