Effects of Exercise on Glymphatic Functioning and Neurobehavioral Correlates in Parkinson's Disease

Change in Beta-Amyloid Levels

Using MRI/PET scans to measure change from baseline to followup of beta-amyloid levels

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Change in Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) Scores

HVLT measures verbal learning skills and memory, highest score is 36 and lowest score is 0. The higher score demonstrates better recall/recognition abilities with verbal learning.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Change in Movement Disorder Society--Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS)

UPDRS measures ease of movement. Highest Score is 108, lowest score is 0. The higher the score, the more difficult movement is for patient.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Mini-Balence Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest)

Mini-BESTest describes movement ability and balance in different scenarios. Highest score is 28, lowest score is 0. The higher the score, the better balance/movement in different conditions.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOG-Q)

Measures walking gait and how stable it is. Highest score is 24, lowest is 0. The higher the score, the worse walking gait is.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Trail Making Test A&B (TMT)

TMT measures executive functioning and error detection. Measured with time to complete trails. Higher time to complete means more difficulty with executive functioning.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Letter Fluency (FAS)

FAS measures how many words a patient can list in a minute beginning with a certain letter (F, A, or S), relating to verbal learning and executive function. The lowest score is 0 words, and the more words listed in a minute beginning with each letter, the better executive functioning. FAS is a unitary neuropsychometric test composed of sub-tasks (F, A, S). The individual scores should not be / are not interpreted.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Simon Task

The Simon task is another well-validated measure of inhibitory action control which has also been studied extensively in PD. This is a conflict task which measures the effect of interfering impulses on the ability to select a goal response. Scores are measured in % accuracy from 0-100, and reaction times from 0 ms and upward per item. The higher the accuracy and lower the reaction time, the better the inhibitory action control and executive functioning. The outcome we used is mean and standard deviation of reaction time (seconds) for items correctly responded to.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Patient Recorded Outcomes Measurement Information System-Sleep Disturbance (PROMIS-Sleep)

The PROMIS measures sleep disturbance and impairment. The lowest score is an 8 and the highest is a 40. The higher the score, the worse sleep impairment or disturbance is.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

The HADS measures anxious and depressive feelings in patients. There are 2 parts, Anxiety, where the lowest score would be a 0 and the highest is 21, and the higher a score is, the more anxious behaviors there are. The second part is a depressive behavior scale, which the lowest score is 0, and the highest is 21, and the higher the score, the more depressive behaviors there are.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks

Stroop Interference Task

The stroop interference task measures Measures completion time and number of errors, both corrected and not corrected, and total errors. The low and high scores are patient dependent upon performance, and the higher the scores, the more errors have been made and the worse executive functioning. The amount of time taken on the Stroop task also correlates to having worse executive functioning with a higher completion time.

Time frame: baseline to 12 weeks