Response Prediction for Anti-angiogenic Treatment in Recurrent Glioblastoma

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients had histologically confirmed glioblastoma with progression diagnosed on the basis of clinical data and MRI after standard treatment of operation, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and adjuvant temozolomide; 2. Patients were more than 3 months from chemoradiotherapy to avoid the confounding factor of radiation necrosis (pseudoprogression); 3. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document; all patients, or their legal guardians, must sign a written informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization in accordance with institutional guidelines Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients were not subject to therapies other than anti-angiogenic treatment, including re-operation, re-irradiation, or immunotherapies, because of the patient's clinical status and indication 2. Patients who have any type of bioimplant activated by mechanical, electronic, or magnetic means (e.g., cochlear implants, pacemakers, neurostimulators, biostimulators, electronic infusion pumps, etc), because such devices may be displaced or malfunction