Exogenous ketone supplements are proposed to have glucose-lowering potential, provide an alternative fuel for the brain and to enhance cognitive function. No studies have tested whether exogenous ketones can lower blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. In addition, the impact of exogenous ketones on brain blood flow, cognitive function or brain-derived neurotrophic factor in humans is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if acutely ingesting exogenous ketones, in the form of a ketone monoester drink, can lower glucose and improve measures of brain/cognitive function in humans with type 2 diabetes. Participants will consume a ketone monoester drink or placebo with blood samples, brain blood flow, and cognitive function assessed over 180 minutes. The researchers will also test how the ketone monoester drink impacts appetite and measures of inflammation.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
19
Acute ingestion of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate prior to assessment of outcomes.
Acute ingestion of taste-matched placebo prior to assessment of outcomes.
University of British Columbia, Okanagan
Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
Plasma Glucose
Plasma glucose concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma Insulin
Insulin across concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma C-peptide
C-peptide across concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma Free Fatty Acids
Non-esterified fatty acid concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha
Plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma Tumour Interleukin-1beta
Plasma tumour interleukin-1beta concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Plasma Tumour Interleukin-6
Plasma tumour interleukin-6 concentration after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Cerebral Blood Flow
Intracranial blood flow velocity measured by ultrasound
Time frame: 180 minutes
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure measured manually and by Finipres
Time frame: 180 minutes
Cognitive Function - Digital Symbol Substitution Task
Number of Correct Answers on the Digital Symbol Substitution Task. Measure of cognitive function using Brain Baseline battery on an iPad.
Time frame: 180 minutes
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Number Blood Monocytes (x10^3 Cells/uL)
Total blood monocytes count (x10\^3 cells/uL) after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
Self Reported Hunger and Fullness
Self reported hunger and fullness by a 0 to 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (higher scores mean greater hunger or fullness)
Time frame: 180 minutes
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire scores after ketone or placebo ingestion on a 0 to 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (higher scores mean greater symptoms)
Time frame: 180 minutes
Total Energy Consumed
Total energy consumed in kilocalories in buffet style meal after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes after ketone or placebo ingestion
Monocyte Histone Acetylation
Histone acetylation status of monocytes measured after ketone or placebo ingestion
Time frame: 180 minutes
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