Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to evaluate five tests to see if they are suitable for the early detection of cognitive impairment in people over the age of 60. These test procedures record the movement pattern and gait pattern, the reaction time, so-called instrumental activities of daily life (e.g. shopping or preparing meals), nutritional behaviour and the relevant sense of smell. The results are compared with those of a diagnostic procedure already in use.
Improved living conditions and health care are making people in Austria older and older. However, OECD data show that this happens with a lower quality of life compared to other EU member states. One factor influencing the quality of life is individual functionality at the physical and cognitive levels. Physical functionality is obvious, but cognitive impairment is preceded by a long latency phase in which subtle limitations of executive functions exist. Studies have shown that early detection of dementia through screening and early intervention can make an important contribution to a favourable course of treatment. Measures of early detection and prevention for the prevention of clinical occurrence thus move into focus. Current clinical diagnostic procedures such as cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics and MRI are not suitable for population-based early detection. Augmented Reality (AR) techniques represent an innovative basis for the development of information and communication technology (ICT) based assessment procedures. Real objects are extended by means of smartphones with virtual objects and tasks as test objects of screening. Parallel measurements of multiple parameters, automatic action recording and semi-automated evaluations provide detailed results. The project SCOBES-AR (Smart Cognition \& Behaviour Screening powered by Augmented Reality) is funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and has a maximum duration of five years (September 2023). Through the cooperation of various health science and technical study programmes (dietology, occupational therapy, health and nursing, health management in tourism/sports science laboratory, information management, speech therapy, physiotherapy) of FH JOANNEUM, a screening instrument for the early detection of neurocognitive deficits is to be developed. The aim is to establish a multimodal tool for sustainable use in the health care system. The project thus takes up the impact goals of the Austrian dementia strategy and aims to develop a multimodal screening instrument for the early detection of functional impairments (on a cognitive and physical level) in middle and old age for outpatient care. In Phase I of the project, the evidence base for a valid instrument will be developed - The focus is on assessment selection, data protection and implementation in an AR environment. The evaluation and validation of the prototype and the AR environment are carried out in phase I and phase II respectively. In Phase III, a business model for sustainable use in the health care system with possibilities in the big data area will be developed for the finalized instrument. The present study protocol only describes the validation study in phase I of the project. • Research objectives in phase I of the project In order to realize the main goal of the project, to develop a multimodal and low-threshold screening instrument embedded in an AR environment for the early detection of functional limitations on cognitive for outpatient care, comprehensive preliminary investigations are necessary. The validation study presented here is one of these preliminary investigations. Five test procedures are to be tested to determine whether they are suitable for the early detection of cognitive impairments in people aged 60 and over and thus whether the evidence base for a valid instrument can be established. Different functionalities such as movement pattern \& gait pattern, reaction time, instrumental activities of daily life (iADL) will be recorded and evaluated. Examples of iADLs are shopping, financial regulation, mobility or preparing meals. Nutritional behaviour is also evaluated, since, for example, adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of various age-related diseases, including dementia. Another possible predictive factor for the development of neurocognitive impairment is the decrease in olfactory performance, which is why olfactory performance is also measured. The collected data should be compared with the established test battery "Cognitive Functions Dementia" (CFD), which is widely used in neuropsychological practice, to clarify cognitive impairments and thus be validated. The combination of the collected data results in a comprehensive functional status picture of the tested persons. Due to the extensive test setting with different test items, SCOBES-AR offers a comprehensive view of the cognitive and physical functionalities of the test person. It allows the Focus on existing reserves and capacities of the test person and not on their deficits. The results of the present validation study will be used at the end of the project to collect the above-mentioned - or similar - functionalities via assessments, which are partly implemented in an Augmented Reality environment. * Primary hypothesis of the study The planned tests are suitable for the early detection of cognitive impairment in people over 60 years of age. * Secondary hypotheses of the study The primary target group (people aged 60 and over) is interested in recognising functional (cognitive and physical) limitations at an early stage in order to be able to work specifically on improving them.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
300
University of Applied Sciences, FH JOANNEUM
Graz, Styria, Austria
RECRUITINGErlangen Test of Activities of daily living in Persons with Mild Dementia or Mild Cognitive impairment (ETAM)
For three Items the performance is evaluated on a seven-level scale (0-6 points). The execution of an item is subdivided into six sub-steps so that the test persons receive one point for each error-free sub-step. A four-step scale (0-3 points) was used for two items with a less complex structure (alarm clock and tea). The total value ranges from 0-30 points.
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours
Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT)
The test person should recognize 12 different odorous substances and choose from a four-step multiple-choice question. A total odour score results from the number of correctly identified odours, whereby higher values stand for a better odour performance (\>9 recognised odours).
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours
Reaction test (TDS)
Eye to hand reaction, eye to leg reaction, complex reaction capability; the time required (seconds/milliseconds) for the completion is recorded.
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours
Dual-Task-Assessment (DTA)
Measures the influence of a cognitive task on the gait pattern. Impaired subjects show a stronger change of different gait parameters. The gait speed, cadence, stride length, stride variance and gait phases are measured.
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours
Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (MEDAS)
14-Elements-Screeningtool for the evaluation of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The maximum score is 14 points and indicates full compliance with the Mediterranean diet.
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours
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Cognitive Functions Dementia (CFD)
A digital test set for the early diagnosis of dementia. It contains tests for verbal learning and memory skill, working memory, measurement of attention, cognitive flexibility, information processing speed, visuoconstruction, object naming and verbal fluency.
Time frame: By completing the entire test set, an average of 2 hours