The primary goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether a community-based structured exercise therapy (CB-SET) intervention, which could be accessible and easily disseminated, adds benefit to peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients undergoing revascularization (REVASC) to improve their function and cardiovascular health.
Training (T): Patients assigned to the control group will receive verbal advice to exercise but will receive no other training following their revascularization and outcome assessments. Patients in the intervention group will receive supervised SET in the exercise physiology laboratory for one week (3 sessions) following their REVASC and outcome assessments. Patients will then receive 11 weeks of community-based structured exercise therapy (CB-SET) with training, monitoring, and coaching (TMC) and public health elements at home or in the place of their choosing. Patients will be visited by study staff where walking exercise will take place (1 visit per month, 3 total community visits). The purpose of the initial supervised SET is to educate patients about how to exercise and to address any questions they may have (part of the training component of TMC). Monitoring (M): Participants will be monitored with a piezoelectric accelerometer over the duration of the 12 total weeks to determine total volume of activity. Participants in both groups will be asked to wear the monitors continuously for 7 days per week over a 10 hour period for each day. This amount of activity monitoring has been successfully used in previous studies (minimal user burden, low profile devices). Additionally, participants in both groups will be reminded to wear the monitor during any walking sessions they perform with intent of exercise. The investigators will determine exercise compliance separately for both groups, and participants in the intervention group will be asked to record details about the CB-SET sessions in a provided exercise log (as conducted in a pilot studies). Data from the piezoelectric accelerometers, which are capable of collecting and storing data for \~6 weeks, will be downloaded and reset at the community visits (1 per month). Control participants will be mailed a new device every 4 weeks (with pre-paid mailers given to control participants for return and subsequent download by staff) or will exchange the device during optional once per month visits to the exercise laboratory. At these visits, control pariticipants will have resting heart rate and blood pressure assessed but no CB-SET program will be applied to ensure these participants receive the standard of care regarding home exercise (upfront advice to walk). Participants in the intervention group will also be given commercially available piezoelectric hip pedometers (Omron), which have an interface to track steps, to monitor their own activity. Weekly phone calls (telehealth) will be conducted by study staff with specific prompting to gain a better evaluation of how much and how often intervention group participants are walking (a feasible process evaluation used in the preliminary studies). Questions included to assist in determining treatment fidelity (ensuring the intervention is delivered as intended) during phone calls and from the exercise log: 1) date and start/end times of walking exercise for each session, 2) number of rest stops needed while walking (and reasons for stopping), 3) questions regarding usage of the piezoelectric accelerometer (instructions for use given to participants), 4) number of steps measured from the hip pedometer, 5) what route the participant chose to use for walking as initially defined by the environmental audit (see section below for more details), and 6) what barriers or facilitators the participant encountered during the session ("Any problems while walking around your neighborhood?"). Additionally, participants will be strongly encouraged to walk with family, friends, and pets to increase walking activity. Participants in both groups will receive a smartphone with an application called Daynamica, which will allow users to indicate and store the location where they complete their community-based activities and to annotate specific exercise sessions or other physical activity episodes. Participants in the control group will receive monthly phone calls only to assess the occurrence of any adverse events and to schedule the optional in-hospital visit. Coaching (C): The investigators will employ an operational coaching model that will provide training guidance and help addressing local barriers to exercise training in the community setting as well as promoting or reinforcing facilitators for each individual participant in the CB-SET intervention group. This will include: 1) educational print materials and 2) environmental auditing. Educational materials developed by Vascular Cures will include informational outreach activities that have been cited as strategies to promote walking by the Task Force Community Preventive Services. Additionally, in providing control participants with the accelerometers, the investigators are in essence providing them "attention", in addition to the monthly phone calls and optional in-hospital "check-ups" with controls. This attention-control design is meant to provide definitive findings that the substantive aspects of the CB-SET program are efficacious and not the result of simply increased contact time with intervention group participants.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
30
Community-based structured exercise therapy (CB-SET) programs for PAD have potential merit as an alternative to hospital-based SET, as they may provide similar benefit to hospital-based programs but in a convenient location for the exercise to be completed
Endovascular revascularization is a primary treatment option for patients with PAD
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
RECRUITINGChange in Peak Walking Time (PWT)
Participants will perform graded exercise tests conducted on a treadmill with continuous electrocardiogram monitoring. Participants will run at a constant speed of 2.0 miles/hour, starting at 0% grade. Every 2 min the grade is increased 2% until maximal claudication limits exercise. PWT (reported in minutes) will be recorded as the maximal time a participant can walk on the treadmill before having to stop due to severe claudication (assessed using the Claudication Symptom Rating Scale which ranges from 1-5 with 1=no pain, 2=onset claudication, 3=mild, 4=moderate, and 5=severe).
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in Claudication Onset Time (COT)
Participants will perform graded exercise tests conducted on a treadmill with continuous electrocardiogram monitoring. Participants will run at a constant speed of 2.0 miles/hour, starting at 0% grade. Every 2 min the grade is increased 2% until maximal claudication limits exercise. COT (reported in minutes) will be obtained with the patient pointing to the pain scale at the initial presentation of leg pain (assessed using the Claudication Symptom Rating Scale which ranges from 1-5 with 1=no pain, 2=onset claudication, 3=mild, 4=moderate, and 5=severe).
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in VO2max
VO2 max is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise. Participants will perform graded exercise tests conducted on a treadmill while oxygen consumption is measured and recorded. Maximum rate of oxygen consumption during exercise will be reported in mL/kg\*min-1.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Total Volume of Exercise
Patients will be monitored with a piezoelectric accelerometer over the duration of the 12 total weeks to determine total volume of activity. The average minutes of activity per day will be reported.
Time frame: 12 weeks
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Adherence to Exercise
Participants will be given a StepWatch accelerometer. Exercise compliance will be calculated for PAD participants as the total number of completed sessions divided by 36 (3 sessions/week for 12 weeks).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Change in Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) Distance Subcategory
In the Walking Impairment Questionnaire distance subcategory, participants are asked to rate the degree of difficulty walking specific distances on a scale from 0 to 4. A score of 0 indicates the inability to walk the distance specified by the question while a score of 4 represents no difficulty. The graded sub-score is multiplied by a pre-specified weight for each sub-category: distance, speed, and number of flights of stairs. The products of these subscores are summed and divided by the maximum possible score to obtain a percent score, ranging from 0 (inability to perform item) to 100 (no difficulty in performing item).
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) Speed Subcategory
In the Walking Impairment Questionnaire speed subcategory, participants are asked to rate the degree of difficulty walking one block at specific speeds, ranging from walking slowly to jogging, on a scale from 0 to 4. A score of 0 indicates the inability to walk the distance specified by the question while a score of 4 represents no difficulty. The graded sub-score is multiplied by a pre-specified weight for each sub-category: distance, speed, and number of flights of stairs. The products of these subscores are summed and divided by the maximum possible score to obtain a percent score, ranging from 0 (inability to perform item) to 100 (no difficulty in performing item).
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) Stair-Climbing Subcategory
In the Walking Impairment Questionnaire stair-climbing subcategory, participants are asked to rate the degree of difficulty climbing a specified number of stair flights, ranging from 1 to 3 stair flights, on a graded scale of 0 to 4. A score of 0 indicates the inability to climb the flights specified by the question while a score of 4 represents no difficulty. The graded sub-score is multiplied by a pre-specified weight for each sub-category: distance, speed, and number of flights of stairs. The products of these subscores are summed and divided by the maximum possible score to obtain a percent score, ranging from 0 (inability to perform item) to 100 (no difficulty in performing item).
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in SF-36 Physical Component Summary
The SF-36 has eight scaled subscores (Vitality, Physical functioning, Bodily pain, General health perceptions, Physical role functioning, Emotional role functioning, Social role functioning, Mental health). These subscores are weighted sums of the questions in each section. Scores range from 0 - 100. Lower scores = more disability, higher scores = less disability.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in SF-36 Mental Component Summary
The SF-36 has eight scaled subscores (Vitality, Physical functioning, Bodily pain, General health perceptions, Physical role functioning, Emotional role functioning, Social role functioning, Mental health). These subscores are weighted sums of the questions in each section. Scores range from 0 - 100. Lower scores = more disability, higher scores = less disability.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Factor 1: Social Relationships and Interactions
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated by summing all items in that factor. These factor scores are labeled F1- F5. The factor totals are then transformed into percentiles using the formula: \[(sum of scores on factor items - # of factor items) / (5 \* # of factor items)\]\*100 = factor percentile. Total factor scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Factor 2: Self-concept and Feelings
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated by summing all items in that factor. These factor scores are labeled F1- F5. The factor totals are then transformed into percentiles using the formula: \[(sum of scores on factor items - # of factor items) / (5 \* # of factor items)\]\*100 = factor percentile. Total factor scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Factor 3: Symptoms and Limitations in Physical Functioning
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated by summing all items in that factor. These factor scores are labeled F1- F5. The factor totals are then transformed into percentiles using the formula: \[(sum of scores on factor items - # of factor items) / (5 \* # of factor items)\]\*100 = factor percentile. Total factor scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Factor 4: Fear and Uncertainty
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated by summing all items in that factor. These factor scores are labeled F1- F5. The factor totals are then transformed into percentiles using the formula: \[(sum of scores on factor items - # of factor items) / (5 \* # of factor items)\]\*100 = factor percentile. Total factor scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Factor 5: Positive Adaptation
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated by summing all items in that factor. These factor scores are labeled F1- F5. The factor totals are then transformed into percentiles using the formula: \[(sum of scores on factor items - # of factor items) / (5 \* # of factor items)\]\*100 = factor percentile. Total factor scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Question 21: Job/Work
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated. 3 items (Q21, Q23, and Q24) are not included in any of the factors but are instead reported individually. The raw score of question 21 is transformed using the following formula: \[(Q21 - 1) / 5\] \* 100 = JOB percentile. Final scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Question 23: Sex
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated. 3 items (Q21, Q23, and Q24) are not included in any of the factors but are instead reported individually. The raw score of question 23 is reserve scored and then transformed using the following formula: \[(RQ23 - 1) / 5\] \* 100 = SEX percentile. Final scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks
Change in PADQOL Question 24: Intimate Relationships
The Peripheral Artery Disease Quality of Life (PADQOL) is a 38-item survey assessing 5 quality of life factors of PAD patients: Social relationships and interactions; Self-concept and feelings; Symptoms and limitations in physical functioning; Fear and uncertainty; and Positive adaptation. Items are scored on a scale of 1 (strongly agree) to 6 (strongly disagree). 5 factor scores are calculated. 3 items (Q21, Q23, and Q24) are not included in any of the factors but are instead reported individually. The raw score of question 24 is reserve scored and then transformed using the following formula: \[(RQ24 - 1) / 5\] \* 100 = IR percentile. Final scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better quality of life.
Time frame: Baseline, 12 weeks