This is an one-year open-label study to determine treatment efficacy and feasibility of a trial that uses open-label interventions in ADPKD patients.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is the most common genetic disease leading to End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), affecting between 1 in 500-1000 individuals from every ethnic group. The autosomal dominant (ADPKD) form arises from a two-hit downregulation of proteins encoded by either PKD1 or PKD2. Although many potential therapies have been studied to slow progression of ADPKD, none to date have been proven to be both safe and effective in slowing disease progression. Cholesterol-lowering agents called statins have shown promise in the treatment of younger ADPKD patients, reducing inflammation and progression as assessed by kidney growth, but their utility appears to be limited in older populations and those with more advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent evidence suggests that acidosis, as often seen in patients with worsening CKD and which may enhance CKD progression, limits the effectiveness of statins and enhances their potential toxicity. The investigators thus hypothesize that correction of acidosis along with statin treatment will be a safe and effective therapeutic regimen to slow CKD progression in the adult ADPKD population and improve overall quality of life in these patients. To test this hypothesis, the investigators will conduct a pilot open-label randomized clinical trial in ADPKD patients with estimated GFR \>45 min (Stage 1-3a CKD) comparing three treatment groups: control, pravastatin (40 mg po qd), and pravastatin plus sodium citrate solution (30 mL po total daily dose) over one year. During the study period, through study visits along with serial blood draws and urinary measurements, the investigators will evaluate safety and tolerability of these treatment regimens, follow renal function and investigate the role of these treatments on acidosis, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in patients enrolled at an outpatient facility. This study will establish the framework for larger clinical trials in ADPKD. Moreover, if the results of this study suggest safety/tolerability or potential benefits of statins and alkali therapy in this ADPKD population, the investigators will seek extramural funding for a larger clinical trial to test this therapeutic strategy in ADPKD.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
1
Pravastatin 40 mg QD
sodium citrate up to 30 ml TID
Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, United States
Changes in kidney function in patients enrolled in different arms of the study
The investigators will estimate the effect of Pravastatin and NaCitrate on kidney function in patients with ADPKD compared to Pravastatin alone or Standard therapy: serum creatinine and serum blood urea nitrogen, serum electrolytes contribute to evaluate kidney function.
Time frame: 12 months
Changes in liver function in patients enrolled in different arms of the study
The investigators will test liver function test panels in patients with ADPKD compared to Pravastatin alone or Standard therapy. The liver function panel should be within normal limits for enrollment and continuation in the study. Liver function tests include AST \> 3ULN, ALT \> 3ULN, Total Bilirubin \> 2 ULN, or increase in prothrombin time to abnormal level INR \>1.5 repeated two weeks apart
Time frame: 12 months
Changes in blood pressure in patients enrolled in different arms of the study
The investigators will estimate the effect of Pravastatin and NaCitrate on blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) in patients with ADPKD compared to Pravastatin alone or Standard therapy
Time frame: 12 months
Changes in muscle injury marker function in patients enrolled in different arms of the study
The investigators will estimate the effect of Pravastatin and NaCitrate on creatine phospho kinase (CPK) in patients with ADPKD compared to Pravastatin alone or Standard therapy.
Time frame: 12 months
Changes in muscle tenderness in patients enrolled in the study
The investigators will estimate the effect of Pravastatin and NaCitrate on muscle tenderness in patients with ADPKD compared to Pravastatin alone or Standard therapy. The physical exam will evaluate tenderness to palpation in major muscle groups such as leg, arm and back muscles. It will be graded as presence or absence. The patients will only be enrolled if there is absence of tenderness in muscles upon palpation on physical exam. If there is tenderness on exam or the patient reports tenderness that is then confirmed by exam the patient will be removed from the study.
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Time frame: 12 months
Urinary alkalinization changes
These parameters will be ascertained by measurements of urinary pH and serum electrolytes.
Time frame: 12 months
Inflammatory markers in blood and urine
The investigators will assess inflammatory markers (interleukins, prostaglandins and other cytokines) in leukocytes, plasma, and urine in the different study groups. The biomarkers that will be measured are HETE / HODE species phospho-AMPK Inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers: NGAL, KIM1 in blood and urine
Time frame: 12 months
AMPK pathway activation
The investigators will determine whether and to what extent the AMPK pathway is activated in leukocytes and urine derived from patients in the study groups at the different study visits, and correlate AMPK activation with biological effects.
Time frame: 12 months