Testing of Identification Markers for Stroke

Overview

Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the first cause of physical disability and dementia worldwide. Ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion (LVO) is responsible for the vast majority of deaths and disabilities. A very effective and safe treatment, called mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is available for LVO patients. Nevertheless, no blood biomarkers able to identify LVO patients rapidly and to direct them to CT angiography and thrombectomy currently exist. The TIME study is an observational prospective cohort study. All Patients referred to the emergency department or stroke unit with a suspected stroke as identified by paramedics, nurses or clinicians will be enrolled in the study. A panel of blood biomarkers will be analysed retrospectively via standard laboratory assays. The main outcome of the TIME study will be the evaluation of the clinical diagnostic performance of a panel of blood biomarkers, in conjunction with clinical data, for the identification of large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke subtype. This study will allow the identification and evaluation of a final panel of biomarkers and will prompt the development of a test for LVO stroke diagnosis.

Stroke affects 16M people in the world every year and 100K in the UK only. More than 30% of these patients die and 90% of survivors develop permanent disabilities as a consequence of stroke. There are two main types of stroke, ischemic and haemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is caused by the formation of a clot in a blood vessel in the brain and represents \~85% of stroke patients. Haemorrhagic stroke is due to the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, with consequent bleeding, and it represents \~15% of stroke patients. Both stroke subtypes cause brain damage and their symptoms are very similar. In addition to these two types of stroke, among the population of suspected stroke patients, there are the so-called stroke "mimics". These are conditions that appear with stroke-like symptoms (e.g. migraine, epilepsy, encephalitis, etc) but that are not stroke. The deadliest stroke subtype is the one caused by occlusion of large vessels (LVO) in the brain. For these patients, a new treatment is available, called thrombectomy, which is a surgical procedure that mechanically removes the clot via a probe inserted at the level of the groin. Treatment of LVO patients with mechanical thrombectomy (MT) significantly increases the chances of survival, as well as decreases the extent of disability1. MT is only available in comprehensive stroke centres (CSC), and LVO patients have to be transported specifically to CSC in order to be treated and increase their chances of survival. MT has been proven a safe and effective treatment for LVO stroke until 24 hours from stroke onset2, indicating that detection of LVO strokes several hours after onset can significantly aid the stroke care pathway. Current treatment of stroke patients is dependent on diagnosis via computerised tomography (CT) scan to the head. CT is highly accurate for detection of brain haemorrhages, but is very inaccurate for detection of ischemic stroke or LVOs3. In case of a negative result from CT, neurologists can order a further MRI scan to confirm ischemic stroke. If LVO is suspected, patients are transported to the nearest CSC where a further procedure, called CT angiography, is performed. The identification of LVO patients can be a very lengthy process that wastes precious time and makes stroke patients worse. Fast diagnosis of stroke patients at their first point of admission (i.e. ambulance or emergency department) able to identify LVO patients could quickly direct patients to CSC and significantly improve treatment of the most dangerous stroke subtype. Several studies have investigated the ability of pre-hospital assessment scores based on patient symptoms to be performed in the ambulance4-7. Despite this, these scoring scales lack the accuracy required for triaging LVO patients with confidence. A more accurate diagnostic test able to complement these assessment scores and direct LVO patients to CSC and CT angiography is much needed8. POCKiT DX are developing a novel device for stroke diagnosis that combines accurate blood biomarkers with ultra-rapid (\<20 minutes) biomarker detection within a point-of-care device. The panel of blood biomarkers identified by POCKiT DX was tested in 80 patients with suspected stroke and accuracy of 83% (CI 95%: 74-92%), sensitivity of 86% (CI 95%: 74-98%), and specificity of 82% (CI 95%: 68-95%) was observed for LVO identification. The aim of the TIME study is to evaluate the clinical diagnostic performance of a panel of blood biomarkers identified by POCKiT diagnostics in the identification of LVO stroke patients among the population of suspected stroke. Diagnostic performance of blood biomarkers alone, and in conjunction with clinical data, including pre-hospital stroke assessment scores (e.g. EMSA), will be evaluated. Results of this study will direct the development of a diagnostic test for directing stroke patients to the right treatment, more rapidly, improving patient outcomes.