Comparison of Microbiome Composition and Biomarkers in Pharmaco Resistant and Pharmaco-Sensitive Epilepsy

Inclusion Criteria: * Study participant and/or legal representative is willing and able to give informed consent/assent for participation in the study. * Study participant and/or legal representative is willing and able to comply with all study requirements, in the opinion of the Investigator. * Study participant is between the ages of 12 and 21, inclusive, at the Screening Visit. * Study participant resides at home (alone or with family). * Study participant has a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy (epilepsy groups only; not applicable to sibling controls). * Study participant has continued unprovoked seizures despite trials of ≥2 appropriate antiepileptic drugs at therapeutic doses (pharmaco resistant epilepsy group only; not applicable to pharmaco sensitive epilepsy group or sibling controls). Exclusion Criteria: * Study participant has monogenic epilepsy. * Study participant has a neurodegenerative disease, mitochondrial disease, metabolic disease, active central nervous system disease, active autoimmune disease, or active inflammatory bowel disease. * Study participant is on, or has been on within 30 days prior to the Screening Visit, a ketogenic diet, low glycemic index diet, or modified Atkins diet therapy. * Study participant has had surgery within 3 months of the Screening Visit. * Study participant is a resident in a group or hospital setting. * Study participant requires the use of a g-tube or formula feeding. * Study participant has had antibiotic therapy within 60 days prior to the Screening Visit. * Study participant has participated in the study of an investigational product within 3 months prior to the Screening Visit (or within 5 half lives of the investigational product, whichever is longer) or is currently participating in a study of an investigational product.