Impact of Nasal Saline Irrigations on Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19

Overview

Nasal saline irrigations are a safe and commonly used mechanism to treat a variety of sinonasal diseases including sinusitis, rhinitis, and upper respiratory tract infections. When used properly, these irrigations are a safe and easy intervention available over the counter without a prescription. Additionally, baby shampoo has been found to be a safe additive functioning as a surfactant when a small amount is added to the saline rinses which may help augment clearance of the sinonasal cavity. While many systemic medications and treatments have been proposed for COVID-19, there has not yet been a study looking at targeted local intervention to the nasal cavity and nasopharynx where the viral load is the highest. Studies have shown that the use of simple over the counter nasal saline irrigations can decrease viral shedding in the setting of viral URIs, including the common coronavirus (not SARS-CoV-2). Further, as SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, mild-detergent application with nasal saline would neutralize the virus further. It is our hypothesis that nasal saline or nasal saline with baby shampoo irrigations may decrease viral shedding/viral load and viral transmission, secondary bacterial load, nasopharyngeal inflammation in patients infected with the novel SARS-CoV-2.

The novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 and the associated disease process COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was first seen in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, it quickly spread across the continent and, in short order, the globe, making an impact that hasn't been seen in generations. Although coronaviruses have been prevalent for millennia, this version is immunologically novel, and thus there is no natural immunity to the virus. This has been a major reason for its rapid spread across the world. Previous members of the coronavirus family have typically caused upper respiratory symptoms such as the common cold, though there have also been more virulent versions of this virus seen in the recent past, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). Similarly named, SARS-CoV-2 also causes upper respiratory symptoms but has varied from the previous viral syndromes in a number of ways including how quickly it has been able to transmit within a population. This is a disease that does not segregate and can affect all ages, genders, and ethnicities. Everyone is susceptible to this virus. New diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for respiratory viruses are also being rapidly developed and polymerase chain reaction-based (PCR) diagnostics and multiplex assays are increasingly used in clinical laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 clinical detection and subtyping. Rapid antigenic and genetic evolution has been expected for SARS-CoV-2 strains, and a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary dynamics is needed to establish an effective vaccine. Our present understanding of the nature and extent of the upper respiratory track (URT) microbiome in humans is limited. Furthermore, we have little understanding of how acute viral respiratory infections of SARS-CoV-2 influence the URT microbiome, or how genotypic differences in the virus influence the URT microbiome and vice versa. Innate immune responses to pathogens, along with dysregulation of inflammation, are key factors involved in pathogenesis, and different viral pathogens activate different types of inflammatory responses. Respiratory viral infection i.e., SARS-CoV-2 infection is expected to activate TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7 responses and this is likely to modulate commensal microbiota populations. It is not yet known if the severity of SARS-CoV-2 disease in older adults is due to a biased host response, SARS-CoV-2 virulence determinants, or the impact infection has on commensal microbiota. Up to this point, there is no unanimously approved treatment for the disease nor is there a vaccine or antiviral drugs available for the public. The primary methods for treatment of this deadly virus have been supportive in nature including intubation in severe cases with respiratory failure. While a unanimous treatment has yet to be discovered, there has been a great amount of knowledge garnered over the last few months about the virus and the disease that accompanies it. Several studies have demonstrated high viral titers within the nasopharynx and oral cavity and many have posited that this is the primary source of infection and viral replication. Additionally, a high nasal/nasopharyngeal viral load has been associated with increased symptoms and higher severity of the disease. Interestingly, there have been a number of studies recently looking at the effect of nasal saline irrigations in the setting of viral URIs, including coronaviruses (not including SARS-CoV-2). One of the major takeaways from these studies was decreased viral shedding in patients treated with saline irrigations compared to the control group. Nasal saline irrigations are available over the counter and widely viewed as both safe and affordable. Could these irrigations have a similar effect on the novel SARS-CoV-2 that they have on other viral respiratory infections?