Recent data from some of the earliest and worst affected countries of COVID-19 suggest a major overrepresentation of hypertension and diabetes among COVID-19-related deaths and among patients experiencing severe courses of the disease. The vast majority of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes are taking drugs targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) because of their blood pressure-lowering and/or kidney-protective effects. Importantly, the virus causing COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binds to the transmembrane protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - an important component of RAS - for host cell entry and subsequent viral replication. ACE2 is normally considered to be an enzyme that limits airway inflammation via effects in RAS and increased ACE2 activity seems to alleviate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Importantly, evidence from human studies as well as rodent studies suggests that the inhibition of RAS by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) leads to upregulation of ACE2, and treatment with ARB leads to attenuation of SARS-CoV-induced ARDS. This is of interest, as the vast majority of deaths from COVID-19 are due to ARDS and expression of ACE2 has previously been shown to be reduced by the binding of SARS-CoV to ACE2. Thus, ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been suggested to alleviate the COVID-19 pulmonary manifestations. In contrast to these notions, concern has been raised that ACE2 upregulation (by RAS-inhibiting drugs) will multiply the cellular access points for viral entry and might increase the risk of severe progression of COVID-19. The multiplied viral entry points could perhaps explain the alarmingly high morbidity and mortality among COVID-19 patients with diabetes and/or hypertension. Thus, a delineation of the role of RAS for the course of COVID-19 is of crucial importance for the management of COVID-19 patients. Aim: This randomised clinical trial will investigate whether to continue or discontinue treatment with ACE inhibitors or ARBs in hospitalised patients with COVID-19.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
78
Discontinuation of ACEi/ARB
Continuation of ACEi/ARB
Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen
Hellerup, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen
Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
Days alive and out of hospital within 14 days after recruitment (group A vs. group B).
The primary endpoint is days alive and out of hospital within 14 days after recruitment on which a patient satisfies categories 0, 1 or 2 on the eight-category ordinal scale. WHO defined Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement: 0\. Not hospitalized, no clinical or virological evidence of infection 1. Not hospitalized, no limitations of activities 2. Not hospitalized, limitation of activities 3. Hospitalized, no oxygen therapy 4. Hospitalized, oxygen by mask or nasal prongs 5. Hospitalized, non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen 6. Hospitalized, intubation and mechanical ventilation 7. Hospitalized, ventilation and additional organ support - pressors, rapid response team (RRT), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 8. Death
Time frame: 14 days
Key-secondary composite endpoint: Occurrence of worsening of COVID-19 (group A vs. group B)
The key-secondary composite endpoint is the occurrence of worsening of COVID-19 (group A vs. group B) as assessed by when a patient satisfies category 6, 7 or 8 on the ordinal scale within the trial period.
Time frame: 30 days
Occurrence and time to occurrence of each of the components of the key-secondary composite endpoint (group A vs. group B)
Occurrence and time to occurrence of each of the components of the key-secondary composite endpoint
Time frame: 30 days
Kidney function assessed by plasma creatinine (group A vs. group B)
Kidney function assessed by plasma creatinine
Time frame: 30 days
Duration of index hospitalisation (group A vs. group B)
Duration of index hospitalisation
Time frame: 30 days
30-day mortality (group A vs. group B)
30-day mortality
Time frame: 30 days
Number of days alive during the intervention period (group A vs. group B)
Number of days alive during the intervention period
Time frame: 30 days
Number of participants not yet discharged at day 30 (group A vs. group B)
Number of participants not yet discharged at day 30
Time frame: 30 days
Number of readmissions after 30 days. (group A vs. group B)
Number of readmissions after 30 days.
Time frame: 30 days
Kidney function as assessed by eGFR (group A vs. group B)
Kidney function as assessed by eGFR
Time frame: 30 days
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