Targeting Glutamine Metabolism to Prevent Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications

Inclusion criteria General inclusion criteria applying to the five populations are the following: * Age above 18 years * BMI between 25 and 40 kg/m² Inclusion criteria according to study group are listed below. Group 1: Patients with uncomplicated diabetes and low cardiovascular risk, additional inclusion criteria are: * 5 or more years of diabetes * 6% \< HbA1c \< 10% * no history of cardiovascular event, diabetic microvascular complications (kidney function normal and albuminuria/creatininuria \< 30 mg/g) * Coronary artery calcium score \< 100 (assessment \< 12 months) Group 2: Patients with uncomplicated diabetes and high cardiovascular risk, additional inclusion criteria are: * 5 or more years of diabetes * 6% \< HbA1c \< 10% * no history of cardiovascular eventand diabetic nephropathy no more than stage 2 (i.e. GFR ≥ 60 ml/min by MDRD or CKD-EPI formula and albuminuria/creatininuria ≤ 30 mg/g) * Coronary artery calcium score \> 400 (assessment \< 12 months) Group 3: Patients with complicated diabetes, additional inclusion criteria are: * 5 or more years of diabetes * 6% \< HbA1c \< 10% * A history of cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, or angioplasty) at least 3 months ago Exclusion Criteria: * Solid organ or bone marrow transplant patient * Pregnant or breastfeeding woman * Absence of free and informed consent * Non-affiliation to a social security regimen or CMU (universal health coverage) * Subject deprived of freedom, subject under a legal protective measure