Protective Effect of Aspirin on COVID-19 Patients

Overview

COVID-19 has a high infection rate and mortality, and serious complications such as heart injury cannot be ignored. Cardiac dysfunction occurred in COVID-19 patients, but the law and mechanism of cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. The occurrence of progressive inflammatory factor storm and coagulation dysfunction in severe and fatal cases of NCP points out a new direction for reducing the incidence of severe and critically ill patients, shortening the length of duration in severe and critically ill patients and reducing the incidence of complications of cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin has the triple effects of inhibiting virus replication, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory, but it has not received attention in the treatment and prevention of NCP. Although Aspirin is not commonly used in the guidelines for the treatment of NCP, it was widely used in the treatment and prevention of a variety of human diseases after its first synthesis in 1898. Subsequently, aspirin has been confirmed to have antiviral effect on multiple levels. Moreover, one study has confirmed that aspirin can inhibit virus replication by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and upregulation of type I interferon production. Subsequently, pharmacological studies have found that aspirin as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug by inhibiting cox-oxidase (COX). Under certain conditions, the platelet is the main contributor of innate immune response, studies have found that in the lung injury model in dynamic neutrophil and platelet aggregation. In summary, the early use of aspirin in covid-19 patients, which has the effects of inhibiting virus replication, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory and anti-lung injury, is expected to reduce the incidence of severe and critical patients, shorten the length of hospital duration and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular complications.

1. COVID-19 has a high infection rate and mortality, and serious complications such as heart injury cannot be ignored. At present, the scale and harm of COVID 19 (Novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) has far surpassed that of SARS in 2003, with more than 80,000 cases confirmed in China and 3,119 deaths due to the disease. The total mortality rate is 2.1%, among which the mortality rate in wuhan is still as high as 4.8%. The main causes of death of covid-19 are currently thought to be acute respiratory failure, "immune factor storm" and coagulation dysfunction caused by lung dysfunction, but heart injury cannot be ignored. A recent article published in the Lancet by professor Bin Cao's team from china-japan friendship hospital analyzed a total of 41 patients diagnosed with covid-19, including 6 (15%) patients with hypertension, 6 (15%) patients with cardiovascular disease, and 5 (12%) patients with acute myocardial injury after infection \[1\]. A study published in the journal of the American medical association (JAMA) included 138 COVID-19 patients, 43 (31.2%) with hypertension and 20 (14.5%) with cardiovascular disease. At the same time, data analysis found that a total of 77 (55.8%) patients had complications, among which 10 (7.2%) had acute myocardial injury, 23 (16.7%) had arrhythmia, and the incidence of cardiac complications in ICU patients was significantly higher than that in general ward patients \[2\]. Therefore, the incidence of cardiac complications is high in NCP patients, but the characteristics and mechanism of cardiac injury are still unclear. To further explore the characteristics and mechanisms of cardiac injury in patients with COVID-19 is of great scientific significance for us to propose new prevention and treatment strategies for cardiac injury. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance and social value to solve some problems in current clinical treatment through systematic clinical research, to discuss the characteristics of heart injury in NCP patients, and to explore standardized, safe and effective prevention and treatment programs for NCP heart injury. 2. Cardiac dysfunction occurred in COVID-19 patients, but the law and mechanism of cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. Viral myocarditis refers to the myocardial localized or diffused acute or chronic inflammatory lesions caused by viral infection, which is an infectious myocardial disease. Multiple viruses (such as coxsackievirus group B virus, etc.) can cause myocarditis after infection. Previous studies have found that SARS-CoV with high homology of NCP can cause obvious myocardial injury. The autopsy reports found SARS-CoV RNA in the myocardium of the SARS infected patient, as well as significant macrophage infiltration and myocardial injury. Oudit et al. found that in patients with SARS-CoV myocardial involvement, the expression of ACE-2 was also significantly decreased \[3\]. McLellan's team from the university of Texas at Austin has uploaded a novel coronavirus to BioRxiv in a preprint of BioRxiv a cryo-electron microscope structure of S protein, a key component of the virus. It turned out that the binding strength of the novel coronavirus S protein to ACE-2 was about 15nM, 10 to 20 times that of the SARS virus binding to ACE2. Therefore, NCP is likely to cause myocarditis directly. Recently, in view of COVID - 19 deaths in patients with clinical analysis found that, compared to surviving COVID - 19 patients, death cases appeared in the course of illness progressive severe hypoxia (oxygen saturation significantly reduced), progressive lymphocytes reduce, progressive increase in the number of white blood cells and neutrophils, blood coagulation dysfunction (D - dimer significantly higher), and so on, these phenomena are likely to cause or aggravate myocardial injury \[2\]. Cardiac and pulmonary failure caused by severe myocardial injury is an important factor leading to death in severe and critical COVID-19 patients. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the early monitoring of cardiac function and myocardial enzyme spectrum of covid-19 patients, to identify the changes and characteristics of cardiac function in covid-19 patients, and to achieve early detection and early intervention, which is of great significance to reduce the incidence of severe and critical patients and shorten the hospitalization time of severe and critical patients. 3. The occurrence of progressive inflammatory factor storm and coagulation dysfunction in severe and fatal cases of NCP points out a new direction for reducing the incidence of severe and critically ill patients, shortening the length of duration in severe and critically ill patients and reducing the incidence of complications of cardiovascular diseases Recently, studies from JAMA and Lancet reported that progressive d-dimer elevation occurred in NCP deaths. Progressive lymphocytopenia and the number of leukocytes and neutrophils increased progressively. The creatinine level increased rapidly from day 11, but in the early course of the disease, the creatinine fluctuation was more obvious than in the surviving patients, and the level was more likely to exceed the normal upper limit. In addition, the levels of inflammatory factors (such as L2, IL7, IL10, GCSF, P10, MCP1, MIP1A and TNF TNF) in critically ill ICU patients were significantly higher than those in non-icu patients \[1, 2\]. The above evidence suggests that the increase of neutrophils may be related to the cytokine storm caused by virus invasion. Clotting activation may be associated with a persistent inflammatory response; Acute kidney injury may be related to the direct effects of virus, hypoxia, and shock. All three of these pathways may be cofactors in triggering death. Once the cytokine storm occurs in infected patients, the disease will rapidly deteriorate, leading to multiple organ failure. The heart is a common organ involved in cytokine storms, including myocardial injury, stress cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and malignant arrhythmia, each of which may lead to sudden death. Therefore, according to these evidences, early coagulation intervention and anti-inflammatory therapy are expected to reduce the incidence of severe and critically ill patients, shorten the hospitalization time of severe and critically ill patients and reduce the incidence of complications of cardiovascular diseases. 4. Aspirin has the triple effects of inhibiting virus replication, anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory, but it has not received attention in the treatment and prevention of NCP. Although Aspirin is not commonly used in the guidelines for the treatment of NCP, it was widely used in the treatment and prevention of a variety of human diseases after its first synthesis in 1898. First, aspirin was first synthesized in 1898 and has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of many human diseases. Subsequently, aspirin has been confirmed to have antiviral effect on multiple levels \[4\]. However, one study published in Immunity in 2014, has confirmed that aspirin can inhibit virus replication by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages and upregulation of type I interferon production \[5\]. Subsequently, pharmacological studies have found that aspirin as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug by inhibiting cox-oxidase (COX). Because it was first discovered by inhibiting the activity of cox-oxidase (COX), inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin, inhibiting the aggregation of white blood cells, reducing the formation of bradykinin, inhibiting the aggregation of platelets and so on. Under certain conditions, the platelet is the main contributor of innate immune response, studies have found that in the lung injury model in dynamic neutrophil and platelet aggregation, and aspirin by promoting lipid oxygen element (Lipoxin, 15 - epi - LXA4), and reduce the number of neutrophils and inhibition of neutrophil and platelet aggregation, in inhibiting the inflammatory response and lung injury has a key role in the model \[6\]. Compared with other NSAIDS, low-dose aspirin (less than 100 mg/ day) is highly safe for long-term use and has fewer adverse events such as gastrointestinal bleeding. And a recent meta-analysis published in JAMA Intern Med found that in the treatment of DVP in patients with total hip or total knee replacement, The anticoagulant effect and side effects of aspirin were not significantly different from other anticoagulants (dalteparin sodium, Rivaroxaban, enoxaparin sodium, Warfarin sodium, Dihydroergotamine mesylate -- heparin sodium) \[7\]. The dosages of aspirin used in the reviewed literature ranged from 81 mg/d to 325 mg/d, but the majority of the literature used 100 mg/d was consistent with our current clinical dosages. A number of studies have found that aspirin also has other extensive effects, such as anti-tumor \[8\], regulation of gestational hypertension \[9\], prevention of preterm birth \[10\]. In summary, there is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of covid-19, and the regularity and characteristics of myocardial injury in patients are unclear. In addition, prevention and treatment strategies for myocardial injury in COVID-19 patients have not been put on the agenda. The early use of aspirin in covid-19 patients, which also has the effects of inhibiting virus replication, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory and anti-lung injury, is expected to reduce the incidence of severe and critical patients, shorten the length of hospital duration and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular complications. This project is based on important clinical issues, combined with the latest international research progress, to explore the early use of aspirin enteric-coated tablets in covid-19 patients on the treatment of covid-19 and the prevention of cardiovascular complications, to contribute to the prevention and control of the epidemic, undoubtedly has important theoretical and application value.