Integrated Exercise Therapy Interventions on the Performance and Injury Prevention in Competitive Sports

Overview

Football is an increasingly popular exercise and common practice among adolescent and elite athletes. However, these athletes tend to have injuries involving the lower extremity and foot. Recent literature has proposed a promising concept of core stability on the arch of the foot and proximal hip control exercise for a knee injury. They have highlighted that foot core training begins with targeting the plantar intrinsic muscles through exercise intervention, which may enhance the capacity and control of the foot core system. Moreover, it is hypothesized that the 'complexity algorithm' of exercise intervention for proximal hip control may provide more sufficient effects on musculoskeletal pain in the lower extremity. However, some conflicting issues such as assessment and training of foot intrinsic muscle in functional positions still largely lack devices and research to elucidate the underlying mechanism of its development and integrated exercise interventions proximally and distally on these athletes. Firstly, the investigators aim to design and develop of novel intrinsic foot muscle assessment and training device for sporting tasks and to examine the feasibility and reliability of muscle stiffness in foot and hip joints before and after exercise intervention using shear wave ultrasound elastography (SWUE) in athletes without and with foot and ankle overuse injuries; second, investigators will investigate whether immediate and persistent alteration after the integrated therapeutic exercise on motor control and muscle stiffness.

The foot often plays a crucial role in sensorimotor control and movement performance in standing, walking, and running. Anatomically, the intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) are the primary local stabilizer to provide static and dynamic stability in the foot, which are part of the active and neural subsystems to constitute the foot core system. The intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) may play a key role in supporting foot arches (e.g. the medial longitudinal arch, MLA), providing flexibility, stability, shock absorption to the foot, and partially controlling foot pronation. Due to the difficulties in teaching and learning the plantar intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) exercise, the accuracy and follow-up after learning this exercise could be questioned following this exercise program; Physiologically, the effects of exercise intervention may be achieved following more than 4-week intensive exercise intervention at least. How to learn and activating this kind of exercise efficiently and effectively is key for employing this exercise in young athletes with and without flexible flat feet. This project consists of two main parts - first, we aim to design and develop of novel intrinsic foot muscle strengthening device using 3-D printing techniques and to examine the feasibility and reliability of the morphology and neuromotor control features in intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles before and after exercise intervention using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and sonographic imaging in football /basketball athletes with without flexible flat feet (FFF); second, we will investigate whether immediate and persistent alterations in the morphology and motor control of IFMs and dynamic postural control after this therapeutic exercise with novel 3-D printing foot core exerciser. More importantly, we also elucidate important clinical evidence-based information on long-term novel therapeutic exercise intervention for coaches, clinicians, and health policymakers.