This pilot study aims to measure the effects of an intervention of 22.5 grams of freeze-dried whole blueberry powder in water drunk daily. Measures are on outcomes of depression, biological markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and microbial populations in the intestines.
A 29 week double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover intervention assessing the effect of a blueberries on behavioral symptoms related to depression, biological markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, and gut microbiome measures. A total of 45 participants will be randomly assigned to either a blueberry-first or placebo-first group; participants will take 22.5 grams of either freeze-dried blueberry powder or matched placebo powder mixed with water daily for 12 weeks. This period is followed by a 4 week washout period at the beginning of which all participants will stop the assigned intervention. After this washout the participants will start their crossover intervention.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
45
Single serve packets containing 22.5 grams of powdered freeze-dried whole blueberries; A mix of 2 species, Vaccinium virgatum (ashei)/Vaccinium corymbosum, provided by U.S Highbush Blueberry Council (USHBC). Powders are sealed in single serve packets to protect from light and moisture. Packets are refrigerated except for when distributed to participants; participants are asked to store packets in refrigerator until consumption.
Blueberry flavor- and color-matched placebo powder.
Cottonport Family Clinic
Cottonport, Louisiana, United States
Marksville Family Clinic
Marksville, Louisiana, United States
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
A brief (10-Item) behavioral survey for assessing clinical depression symptoms and severity; can confirm a DSM-IV diagnosis of depression. The scale spans 0-5 to score "How much of the time..." with 0=at no time, and 5=all the time; the higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptom.
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale
A brief behavioral scale for measuring symptoms related to general anxiety. The scale spans 0-3 to score the frequency of anxiety symptoms with 0=not at all sure and 3=nearly every day; the higher the score, the more frequent the anxiety symptom.
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (SIGHD-IDSC)
A verbal interview probing depressive symptoms based on two separate scales; the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Scores span 0-4 and are question-specific.
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (SIGHD-IDSC)
A verbal interview probing depressive symptoms based on two separate scales; the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Scores span 0-4 and are question-specific.
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (SIGHD-IDSC)
A verbal interview probing depressive symptoms based on two separate scales; the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Scores span 0-4 and are question-specific.
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Scale and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (SIGHD-IDSC)
A verbal interview probing depressive symptoms based on two separate scales; the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Scores span 0-4 and are question-specific.
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Immediately after enrollment, 30 days before start of intervention
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
CRP Measure
Biological measure of C-Reactive Protein from participant blood sample
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Gut Microbiome Analysis
uBiome Explorer (TM) Microbiome Sampling Kit; tests microbial communities present in the gut microbiome
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
A short 10-item survey which probes issues related to sleep including falling asleep, quality and duration of sleep, and waking up after sleep. The scale for each of the 10 items is a line segment on which participants mark a tick; toward one end of the line is worse, toward the other end is better. A discrete datum is extracted from each continuous line by measuring to ticks from one end of the line with a ruler.
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measures reactive oxygen species (ROS) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of quinolinic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure quinolinic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of kynurenic acid
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenic acid in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of kynurenine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure kynurenine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of tryptophan
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure tryptophan in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration suicide-associated protein spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 2 (SKA-2)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SKA-2
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SKA-2
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SKA-2
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SKA-2
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SKA-2
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SKA-2 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT-1)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SAT-1
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SAT-1
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SAT-1
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SAT-1
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SAT-1
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SAT-1 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein solute carrier family 4 member 4 (SLC4A4)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SLC4A4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SLC4A4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SLC4A4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SLC4A4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of suicide-associated protein SLC4A4
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure SLC4A4 in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo intervention
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor (GDNF) in participant plasma samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound serotonin transporter (SERT)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of serotonin related compound SERT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound SERT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound SERT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of serotonin related compound SERT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound SERT
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure serotonin transporter (SERT) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-HIAA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-HIAA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-HIAA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-HIAA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of serotonin related compound 5-HIAA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glutamate
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamate in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of glutamine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of glutamine in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of cortisol
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure concentration of cortisol in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 6 (IL-6) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta)
Luminex assay to measure interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)
Luminex assay to measure interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of treatment intervention, before treatment consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of treatment intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 1 of placebo intervention, before placebo consumption
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 30 of placebo intervention
Concentration of inflammation biomarker tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
Luminex assay to measure tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in participant blood samples
Time frame: Day 60 of placebo intervention