Tiotropium Plus Olodaterol vs Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) Regimens in the Portuguese Primary Care Setting (TIOLCOR Study)

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Aged ≥ 40 years at the date of COPD diagnosis. 2. Diagnosis of COPD confirmed by the investigator. A spirometry confirming the diagnosis (FEV1/forced vital capacity \[FVC\] ratio \<0.7) and performed within the three years prior to the inclusion visit must be available in the patient's medical records. 3. Prescription of a new maintenance COPD treatment with TIO/OLO or ICS-containing regimens (not including TIO/OLO) 3 months (-7/+30 days) prior to the inclusion visit. The COPD treatment may have been prescribed at primary care sites or at the hospital. 4. Written informed consent prior to participation. Exclusion Criteria: 1\. Respiratory disorders other than COPD, such as asthma-COPD overlap or asthma (prior to or at the index date). 2a. For treatment naïve patients (i.e., those who have never started a maintenance therapy for COPD \[with either short- or long-acting bronchodilators or ICS\]) - no data on the GOLD 2019 group at the index date is available in the medical records. Patients may still be included if the determination of the GOLD 2019 group is possible based on the medical records' data and/or patient interviews (e.g. by using information on exacerbation history in the 12 months prior to the index date, and data on mMRC and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) at the index date). 2b. For treatment experienced patients - no data on the predominant treatable trait to target at the index date (dyspnea, exacerbation or both) is available in the medical records. Patients may still be included if this information is obtained based on patient interviews. 3\. Participation in a clinical trial within the 3 months prior to the inclusion visit.