Comparison Between Two Types of Sedation for Elective Upper Endoscopy Procedures

University of Malaya30 enrolled

Overview

Sedation is defined as the act of administrating a sedative drug to produce a state of calm or sleep. Sedation is commonly given to a patient in hospital settings to provide a tolerable and pleasant experience by relieving anxiety, pain and discomfort, as well as to expedite the duration of the procedure. Moderate sedation (conscious sedation) is the preferred state of sedation, whereby self-maintenance of ventilation and hemodynamic stability is achieved. The primary objective of this study is to determine if inhalational Sevoflurane is a more superior sedative agent in terms of faster psychomotor recovery and time taken to fulfil discharge criteria when compared with intravenous Midazolam sedation. Secondary objective is to determine if inhalational Sevoflurane sedation has better patient's and endoscopist's satisfaction when compared with intravenous Midazolam sedation.

A randomized controlled trial study was done on patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a single tertiary Centre in Malaysia. The study was approved by University Malaya Medical Centre medical research ethics committee. All patients gave written and informed consent. Patients were fasted, and three psychometric tests were performed as a baseline before sedation. Patients were randomly allocated to either receive IV Midazolam (Group M) or inhalational Sevoflurane (Group S) via nasal mask. Standard monitoring was applied. Patients in Sevoflurane group received the inhalational agent via a nasal mask with stepwise increment until and Observed Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale of 3 or maximum 1.0 minimum alveolar concentration was achieved. Patients in Midazolam group were given a stat dose of IV Midazolam 2.5mg. Both groups received 30mcg of IV Fentanyl and lignocaine 1% gargle prior to the procedure. The unblinded observer monitored the level of sedation and recorded the patient's vital signs. A second blinded observer performed the psychometric tests before and at the end of the procedure. He also recorded the time to fulfil discharge criteria as well as the satisfaction scores from the patient and endoscopist.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Interventions

SevofluraneDRUG

Incidence of side effects such as excitation, headache, apnea, airway obstructions are recorded. Patients who experiences severe excitation disinhibition as defined in the investigator's opinion as agitation. Uncontrollable patient movements that causes unsafe procedural conditions and conversion to general anaesthesia is needed Post procedural recovery scoring are taken which includes: 1. Time taken from the point that the procedure ended to the first OAAS score of 5 2. Time taken from (a) to meeting discharge eligilibility Pre and post procedure pyschometric test (delayed and immediate memory test, posting box test and Stroop test) will be done and compared by the blinded observer/investigator

Midazolam injectionDRUG

Eligibility

Sex: ALLHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * ASA I to II * Patients who are not taking sedative agents prior to procedure. * Patients who are able to give consent for the procedure. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with ischaemic heart disease, respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular disease. * Patients who are taking opioid or sedative medications 24 hours before procedure. * Patients with previous history of adverse effects to Sevoflurane or Midazolam. * Pregnant patients. * Patients with airway obstructions. * Patients with features of difficult airway such as limited neck extension, small mouth opening of less than 3 cm, mallampati score of more than 3. * Patients who are at risk of aspiration. Impaired gag reflex, presence of neurological disorders and impaired physical mobility.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Psychomotor recovery time

Pre procedure psychomotor tests baseline scores will be obtained and compared with post procedure scores. Time to achieve baseline recovery scores will be taken and used to compare between the two sedative agents.

Time frame: 30 minutes from completion of procedure

Time taken to fulfil discharge criteria

Patient would have to fulfil a set of discharge criteria to ensure that patient is safe for discharge.

Time frame: One day

Secondary Outcomes

Patient and endoscopists satisfaction

Patient will answer a set of questionnaires to gauge the satisfaction of the sedation agent. Endoscopists will score their satisfaction with a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 - 3 being (dissatisfied), 4-6 (satisfied), and 7 - 10 (very satisfied)

Time frame: Post procedure on the same setting not more than one day duration