Analgesic Effects of Perioperative Propranolol Administration for Spine Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female patients age \>18 undergoing elective spinal fusion surgery, with plans to remain inpatient for ≥ 48hrs and receive IV or oral opioids; * Females of child bearing potential must test negative on a pregnancy test at Visit 1 and utilize acceptable means of birth control for the duration of the study; * Patients must be judged by the study team to be likely to be reliable and to agree to keep all appointments for clinic visits, tests, and procedures required by the protocol; * Patients must have the ability to fully participate in the informed consent process. Exclusion Criteria: * Disease-related: History of exercise- or exertion-induced asthma or current treatments for asthma; Unstable medical or neurological illness; Heart block greater than first degree (EKG); History of coronary artery disease, or history of congestive heart failure; Baseline heart rate or blood pressure that in the opinion of the investigator would constitute too great a risk when considered in the context of the patient's medical comorbidities and health history; Significant suicidal or homicidal ideation, or current DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, or cognitive disorder due to a general medical condition; History of diabetes * Exposure-related: History of β-blocker use within six months of enrollment in the trial; Total baseline preoperative opioid consumption greater than 50 oral milligram morphine equivalents (MME) per day; Current use or use within the past two weeks of methadone, levorphanol, buprenorphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, tramadol, nalbuphine, naloxone, or naltrexone. * Patient characteristics: Female patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding; Known allergy to study medication; Alcohol/substance abuse within past six months; Ongoing or anticipated disability compensation or litigation issues, in the best judgement of the investigator; Presence of any factors/conditions, medical or other, that in the judgment of the investigator may interfere with performance of study outcome measures, such as treatment-refractory history; Non-ambulatory or require the use of crutches or a walker; No access to a telephone