The Analgesic Effect of Quadratus Lumborum Block and Its Postoperative Implication on Kidney Function

* Study place: Ain Shams University Hospitals. * Written informed consent will be taken from all patients. * Patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III, aged between 35 and 65 years were included in this study and scheduled for short colorectal surgery (2-4 hours), such as segmental colectomies and polypectomy using either the sub umbilical incision or laparoscopic technique. Patients with major cardiac or cerebral vascular diseases, bleeding disorders (known contraindication for EP anesthesia and in QL which is considered a deep block), abnormal kidney functions (elevated creatinine, BUN level, or history of renal disease), and neurological disorders were excluded. Patients with known allergy to local anesthetics, puncture site infection, and body mass index (BMI) of \>35 kg/m2 were also excluded. Also, patients with intra-operative complications such as hemodynamic instability and unexpected prolonged surgical duration were excluded. Patients who refused to consent to the study were not enrolled, without any discontinuation of their management. The selected patients were randomized using an automated computer-assisted method (www.randomizer.org), which divided them into 2 groups: the control group (EP) received epidural anesthesia, whereas the study group (QL) received a QL block. The interventions were done by well-experienced anesthesiologists. Renal Doppler. An experienced radiologist performed the renal Doppler with at least 5 years experience in the doppler field being blinded to the patients' data. A renal Doppler study was performed for both groups preoperatively and postoperatively. Patients were asked to lie supine or in lateral positions. The ultrasound (US) probe was applied to the anterior or midaxillary line with the probe in a transverse direction until the kidney was adequately visualized. The intrarenal and main renal arteries were assessed using color and pulse wave Doppler. The intrarenal arteries assessment was repeated at the upper, mid, and lower pole levels of each kidney. Also, the renal RI of the main renal artery was measured bilaterally. All measurements for each patient were collected and the average RI was calculated. The normal RI is considered when the value was \<0.7. The renal Doppler was assessed within 24 hours pre-operative and within 2-3 hours after surgery completion. Patient preparation. Patients who fasted for 8 hours, with full clinical and laboratory results, were examined for any exclusion criteria with specific concerns with regard to kidney function. 12 hours before the scheduled time for surgery, renal Doppler was performed to measure the renal RI of all patients, before starting to fast for surgery and after adequate hydration was checked, based on his ward fluid chart. Inside the operating room. The standard monitoring, including electrocardiogram (ECG), oxygen saturation, non-invasive blood pressure, and capnogram for end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), were applied. Infusion of Ringer's lactate solution (8 mL/kg) was started through a wide bore cannula. IV midazolam 0.05 mg/kg was given as a premedication before the induction of anesthesia by 2 μg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg propofol, and 0.5 mg/kg atracurium. An endotracheal tube was inserted to initiate mechanical ventilation while keeping the ETCO2 in the range of 35-45 mmHg. Anesthesia maintenance was performed with 1.5% isoflurane and oxygen and topped up with IV atracurium 0.5 mg/kg every 20 minutes. The urinary output was followed up using a urinary catheter. IV fentanyl dose of 1 μg/kg was administered, in response to an increase in blood pressure or heart rate of \>20% of the baseline measurement. Continuous ECG, blood pressure, and pulse saturation were monitored. To ensure an adequate fluid balance, fluid input, fluid output (urine and third space loss), blood loss, and central venous pressure were recorded. The inhalational anesthetic isoflurane was discontinued at the end of the surgery, followed by the administration of IV neostigmine of 0.05 mg/kg and atropine of 0.02 mg/kg, to reverse the residual neuromuscular block. The trachea was extubated after spontaneous breathing returned. Epidural analgesia. Epidural analgesia was performed before the induction of general anesthesia by a well-experienced anesthesiologist with at least 5 years experience in local and regional anesthesia. Patients were in a sitting position leaning forward with the legs supported on a chair. Complete skin asepsis with povidone-iodine (7.5%), was applied followed by draping. An 18-gauge Tuohy epidural needle was inserted into the intervertebral space T9-T10, using a vacuum catheter aspiration technique followed by the epidural catheter insertion. The epidural was activated at the end of the operation using 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine as a bolus followed by a continuous epidural infusion using 0.125% bupivacaine, at a rate of 6 mL/hour, to be continued for up to 24 hours postoperatively. QL block technique. A bilateral posterior approach, a US-guided QL block was applied after anesthesia induction by a well-experienced anesthesiologist with at least 5 years experience in local and regional anesthesia, using Honda electronics HS-2100 portable US machine (Honda Electronics CO., LTD, Japan). The patient was in a supine position with a pillow under his back. Povidone-iodine (7.5%) was used to sterilize the area above the iliac crest at the level of the anterior axillary line, followed by draping before the application of a high-frequency superficial probe (9-11 MHz). The probe was adjusted until visualization of the external oblique muscle, the internal oblique muscle, and the transversus abdominis muscle. Then the probe was moved posteriorly until the thoracolumbar fascia covering the QL muscle was visualized. The needle was inserted just above the upper edge of the probe and pierced the muscles until it reached the posterior aspect of the QL muscle. Aspiration was done to ensure that there is no blood and to ensure extravascular injection to avoid the undesirable systemic effect. The correct site was confirmed through saline injection (hydro dissection); 25 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine were injected on each side. Fluid balance was maintained throughout the operation, using a fluid chart to avoid any hemodynamic instability that might affect the objective of this study. Postoperative study parameters. Patients were transferred to the intermediate care unit, for continuous observation for 24 hours. A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain; with 0 being no pain and number 10 being the worst pain. The VAS score was assessed immediately after patients' transfer from the theater room (0 hours) then 2, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours postoperative. The following parameters were assessed by a blinded anesthesiologist to the aim of the study: * The time required for the first morphine dose and the cumulative morphine consumption for 24 hours were recorded as a primary outcome. Morphine was given at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg when the VAS score was \>4. * Postoperative kidney function was assessed using laboratory and US Doppler indices to compare it with the preoperative values, as a secondary outcome. Laboratory tests included serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and were compared with preoperative values.