The objective of this study is to determine whether a mindfulness coaching program was efficacious at reducing work stress, improving psychological and physical health outcomes, and improving work outcomes. The target population is employed adults (18 years and older) working in the industries of media, consulting, and healthcare.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
250
The intervention involves participation in and completion of the 4-month LIFEXT program, including: A baseline 15-20 minute health assessment administered online, a 50 minute introductory, one-on-one telephonic coaching session, four 50 minute one-on-one telephonic coaching sessions, optional coaching session follow-up activities (such as videos, practice exercises, and reading materials), and a post-intervention 15-20 minute health assessment administered online.
Navicent Health
Macon, Georgia, United States
Spark Foundry
Chicago, Illinois, United States
The Leo Burnett Media Agency
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 moths after baseline)
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is assessed using the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) consisting of 15 items. Higher scores reflect higher levels of dispositional mindfulness. The scale has been validated in college, working adult, and cancer patient populations (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The scale range was changed from 1-6 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Stress
Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, "how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life," and "how often have you felt that things were going your way." The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
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Stress
Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, "how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life," and "how often have you felt that things were going your way." The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 moths after baseline)
Stress
Stress is assessed using 4 items from the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS has demonstrated internal consistency and validity (Cohen, 1983). The PSS asks respondents to indicate how often they felt or thought a certain way during a specified time period (i.e., over the last 2 weeks). Examples of items include, "how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life," and "how often have you felt that things were going your way." The sale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment. Higher scores reflect higher levels of perceived stress.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Energy
Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, "During the past month, how often did you experience the following?" in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Energy
Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, "During the past month, how often did you experience the following?" in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Energy
Energy (or vitality) is assessed using the Short-Form-36 (SP-36) which consists of 36 items to assess vitality. Higher scores reflect higher levels of vitality. The SP-36 inspired the question, "During the past month, how often did you experience the following?" in the LIFE XT assessment. The questionnaire asks this question about four items: felt full of pep, felt tired, had a lot energy and felt worn out. Each of these questions is on a scale from 1-7, for a total of 28 points and a higher score reflecting higher energy levels.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Empathy
Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, "I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am" and "Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal." The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Empathy
Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, "I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am" and "Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal." The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Empathy
Empathy is assessed using the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index developed by Davis (1980). The subscale includes 4 items. Examples of items include, "I often have tender, concerned feelings for people less fortunate than I am" and "Other people's misfortunes do not usually disturb me a great deal." The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Emotional Health
Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, "How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month?" The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Emotional Health
Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, "How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month?" The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Emotional Health
Emotional health is assessed using 1 question, "How would you rate your emotional health overall during the past month?" The question was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire
Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, "On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your \[parents/friends/relatives\]". The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire
Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, "On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your \[parents/friends/relatives\]". The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Relationships (Satisfaction with): questionnaire
Satisfaction in relationships with children, parents, friends, and relatives is assessed with 4 items, one for each relationship domain. For each of the four relationship domains, the question asks, "On average, how satisfied are you in your relationship with your \[parents/friends/relatives\]". The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire
Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire
Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Happiness (Life Satisfaction): questionnaire
Happiness is assessed using 5 items from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) developed by Diener et al. The scale range was changed from 1-5 to 1-7 when adapted and added into the LIFE XT personal health assessment.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Physical Health
Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., "In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.)" The second question, "How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month?" was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Physical Health
Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., "In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.)" The second question, "How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month?" was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Physical Health
Physical Health is assessed using 2 questions. The first item is based on a question developed by researchers Lorig et al., "In general, would you say your health is:… (Circle one) (Excellent = 1, Very Good = 2, Good = 3, Fair = 4, Poor = 5.)" The second question, "How would you rate your physical health overall during the past month?" was developed by the LIFE XT personal health assessment author.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Sleep Quality: PSQI
Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, "During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?" assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Sleep Quality: PSQI
Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, "During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?" assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Sleep Quality: PSQI
Sleep is assessed using 1 item from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The item, "During the past work week, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?" assesses sleep quality. The scale range was change from very good, fairly good, fairly bad, and very bad to 1-7, where 1 is labeled poor, and 7 is labeled excellent.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Productivity (or work impairment)
Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Productivity (or work impairment)
Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Productivity (or work impairment)
Work impairment is assessed using the Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS) which consists of 7 items that describe how patients are functioning at work. Higher scores indicate higher levels of work impairment. A low score reflects minimal to no work impairment. This tool has been used to help physicians make management decisions such as whether or not a patient should stay at work, whether work functioning improves along with symptoms, and whether changes in treatment are needed to optimize work functioning. It has been validated in patients with major depressive disorder (Lam et al.). The scale range was changed from 0-4
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Presenteeism
Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Presenteeism
Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Presenteeism
Presenteeism is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items reflect what an employee may do or feel at work.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Employee Retention
Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, "How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress?"
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Employee Retention
Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, "How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress?"
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Employee Retention
Employee Retention is measured using 1 item from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The question is, "How likely are you, currently, to consider leaving your job due to work related stress?"
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Teamwork (collective efficacy)
Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Teamwork (collective efficacy)
Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Teamwork (collective efficacy)
Collective efficacy, or people's shared beliefs in their collective capacity to achieve desired outcomes, is assessed using 5 items adapted from the family efficacy scale for soldiers (Bandura, 2006). These items were adapted in the LIFE XT personal health assessment for employees to reflect their confidence in their work teams.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)
Job Satisfaction: WOS
Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Time frame: Assessed at baseline
Job Satisfaction: WOS
Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Time frame: Assessed immediately post-intervention (4 months after baseline)
Job Satisfaction: WOS
Job satisfaction is measured using 5 items from the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS) instrument developed by Chestnut Global Partners, a provider of employee assistance programs. The items describe how an individual feels about their work. The items use a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Time frame: Assessed at follow-up (3 months post intervention)