The objective of this study will be to identify multidisciplinary fall risk factors in persons with stage 3 idiopathic Parkinson's Disease compared to age and sex-matched healthy adults. Both the relative contribution of each independent factor, as well as the interaction between these factors, will be examined. The study will include multidisciplinary assessments, including locomotor, speech, auditory, vestibular and opthalmologic assessments.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SCREENING
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
10
* Age * Sex * Height * Body weight * Handedness * Medication use * Blood pressure * Global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) * Fear of falling (Shortened Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale) * History of falls (number of falls in the past month) * Time since diagnosis and symptom onset * Disease severity (UPDRS part III, Hoehn and Yahr) * Non-motor symptoms (UPDRS part I) * Motor symptoms (UPDRS part III) * Motor complications (UPDRS part IV) * Disease-dominant side (UPDRS part III) * Freezing of gait (New Freezing of Gait Questionnaire)
* Age * Sex * Height * Body weight * Handedness * Medication use * Blood pressure * Global cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) * Fear of falling (Shortened Iconographical Falls Efficacy Scale) * History of falls (number of falls in the past month)
Ghent University Hospital
Ghent, Belgium
Ghent University
Ghent, Belgium
Fall events
Number of accidental falls documented using a daily fall diary with monthly telephone follow-ups.
Time frame: baseline to 6 months after baseline
Walking speed
Walking speed (meters/second) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Walking cadence
Walking cadence (steps/minute) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Step length
Step length (meters) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Hip, knee and ankle joint angle during walking
Hip, knee and ankle joint angle during walking (°) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
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First, 9 anthropometric measurements will be taken, 39 reflective markers will be placed, and a 6-min practice walking session will be conducted to familiarize participants with self-paced treadmill walking (SPTW). Thereafter, participants will partake in 7 experimental conditions in a (semi-)randomized order: * 3 min standing * 3 min standing while answering semi-standardized questions * 3 min SPTW * 3 min SPTW while answering semi-standardized questions (SPTW-Q) * 3 min SPTW while verbally describing a VR environment (SPTW-VR1) * 6 min SPTW in a VR environment containing freezing of gait provoking elements (SPTW-VR2)
* Acoustic analysis (including voice reports and formant analysis), video recording and motor speech profile (including analysis of diadochokinesis, voice, standard syllabic rate, intonation and second formant (F2)). * Spontaneous speech production will be assessed by answering semi-standardized questions based on the Aachen Aphasia Test and by describing a VR environment projected on a 180-degree cylindrical screen * The Speech Handicap Index (a 15-item self-reported questionnaire)
* Otoscopy * Tympanometry * Pure tone audiometry * Otoacoustic emissions * Video Head Impuls Test * Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials * Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials * Oculomotor function testing * Positional testing * Static visual acuity test * Dynamic visual acuity test * Dizziness Handicap Inventory (a 25-item self-assessment inventory)
Hip, knee and ankle joint moment during walking
Hip, knee and ankle joint moment during walking (Nm/kg) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Hip, knee and ankle joint power during walking
Hip, knee and ankle joint moment during power (W/kg) measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Freezing of gait
Number of freezing of gait events measured using the Gait Real-time Interactive Lab (GRAIL) system (Motekforce Link, The Netherlands).
Time frame: baseline during 6 min self-paced treadmill walking in a virtual environment
Spontaneous speech production
Audio recordings analyzed using PRAAT software to assess spontaneous speech production
Time frame: baseline; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Spontaneous speech production
Audio recordings analyzed using Motor Speech Profile software to assess spontaneous speech production
Time frame: baseline; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while answering semi-standardized questions; baseline during 3 min self-paced treadmill walking while describing a virtual environment
Speech Handicap Index
A 15-item self-reported questionnaire based on the Parole Handicap Index to evaluate the physical, functional and psychosocial impact of dysarthria (0-60). Higher scores indicate a higher level of speech-related problems.
Time frame: baseline
Otoscopy
A otoscopic test to examine the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane
Time frame: baseline
Tympanometry
An auditory test to assess the middle-ear function
Time frame: baseline
Pure tone audiometry
An auditory test to assess hearing threshold levels
Time frame: baseline
Otoacoustic Emissions Test
An auditory test to measure cochlear outer hair cell function
Time frame: baseline
Video Head Impuls Test
A vestibular function test to objectify high frequency function of the horizontal and vertical semicircular canals
Time frame: baseline
Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing
A vestibular function test to assess the saccular and inferior vestibular nerve function
Time frame: baseline
Ocular Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential Testing
A vestibular function test to assess the utricular and superior vestibular nerve function
Time frame: baseline
Ocular Motor Testing
A vestibular function test to evaluate oculomotor function
Time frame: baseline
Dix-Hallpike Test
A diagnostic maneuver to identify benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Time frame: baseline
Roll Test
A diagnostic maneuver to identify benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Time frame: baseline
Static visual acuity
Static visual acuity measured using a Snellen chart (static logMAR)
Time frame: baseline
Dynamic visual acuity
Visual acuity during head movement measured using a Snellen chart relative to static visual acuity (static logMAR - dynamic logMAR)
Time frame: baseline
Dizziness Handicap Inventory
A 25-item self-assessment inventory to evaluate self-perceived handicapping effects of dizziness (0-100). Higher scores indicate a greater perceived handicap due to dizziness.
Time frame: baseline