The Effect of Mirror Therapy in Patients With Frozen Shoulder

Visual Analog Scale (VAS)

Pain intensity was obtained using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). VAS is usually a horizontal line, 10 cm in length, anchored by word descriptors at each end with "No Pain" (score of zero) on the left side up to "severe pain" on the right side. The patient was asked to mark the line point that represented his or her worst pain in the past week during daily rutine.

Time frame: Change from Baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks

Range of Motion (ROM)

Range of motion is the measurement of the amount of movement around a joint as a flexion, abduction, external rotation and internal rotation (degree). Measurement performed with universal goniometer.

Time frame: Change from Baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks

Proprioception

Proprioception is the sense of self-movement and body position. A joint position error test (JPET) was used for proprioception measurement. JPET is a deviation of the ability to reposition the joint to the target position which fifty percent of active flexion ROM.

Time frame: Change from Baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks

Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)

The shoulder pain and disability index is a self-administered questionnaire that consists of two dimensions, one for pain and the other one for functional activities on the shoulder. The total score is defining as a percent. 0 for best score 100 for worst score.

Time frame: Change from Baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks

Modified Constant-Murley Score (CMS)

The modified Constant-Murley score is a questionnaire for shoulder injuries that consists of four dimensions, pain, activities of daily living, range of movement, and power. Pain and activities of daily living are considered subjective scores therefore the range of movement and power considered objective score. 100 for best score 0 for worst score.

Time frame: Change from Baseline, 6 weeks and 10 weeks