After tooth extraction, shrinkage of the bone is expected after 6 months. These changes may hamper dental implant placement and compromise soft tissue aesthetics. Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP) includes application of bovine-derived deproteinized bone particles in the extraction site. This technique is widely performed and drastically limits aforementioned volumetric changes. The amount of bone preservation following ARP is affected by the soft tissue barrier. In an open healing situation, it takes about 4 weeks to have complete soft tissue closure. Faster soft tissue closure could optimize the amount of bone preservation with obvious benefits for implant placement and aesthetics. Recent presentations showed the application of hyaluronic acid after ARP. However, no evidence can be found in the literature. This study aims to evaluate the wound healing potential of hyaluronic acid following ARP, as this has never been performed, yet seems promising from a biological point of view.
Aim: This study aims to evaluate the wound healing potential of hyaluronic acid (HA) following alveolar ridge preservation (ARP), as this has never been performed, yet seems promising from a biological point of view. Sample size calculation: A sample size calculation using a two-sample pooled t-test was performed in SAS Power and Sample Size based on a comparison of mean overall wound reduction from baseline to 21 days between the control and test group. The calculation was based on finding a mean difference of 20% between these groups with a standard deviation of 21.6 for the control and 21.6 for the test group. A pilot study was executed to obtain these findings as no other data are available. With alpha set at 0.05 and a power of 0.08, the sample size calculation indicated 19 patients to be included per group. To compensate for drop-outs, 25 would be treated with hyaluronic acid and 25 would be treated without. Clinicians and centers, randomization, allocation concealment and blinding: 3 clinicians linked to the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology at UGent - UZ Gent will treat a total of 50 patients. Each clinician will treat at least 10 patients. Patients will be randomly allocated to the 'test group (Hyaluronic acid)' or the 'control group (No hyaluronic acid). An equal number of sealed envelopes will be prepared internally labelled as 'test group' or 'control group'. Just after ARP, a sealed envelope will be randomly selected and opened to reveal further treatment. In case the test group comes out, instructions for the daily application of HA (Gengigel Forte©) will be given. HA will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days. The measuring investigator will not be involved in the treatment of any of the patients and will be blinded to allow unbiased registrations. Surgical procedure: After screening and having obtained informed consent by the patient, the tooth is extracted and ARP is performed by placing collagen-enriched deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM, Bio-Oss collagen 100 mg or 250 mg, Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) in the alveolar socket. Subsequently, a collagen matrix (Mucograft seal, Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland), is sutured on top to protect the underlying DBBM. At the end of the surgical procedure, the sealed envelope is opened to reveal the allocated treatment and instructions to the patients are given (application of Gengigel Forte© 3 times per day during 7 days). Intra-surgical registrations: Intra-surgically, the dimensions of the buccal bone plate will be registered. Papillae are analyzed if they were detached from the bone mesial and distal during extraction. Subsequently, the size of the Mucograft seal (Geistlich Biomaterials, Switserland) is measured. Immediately after ARP, a conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) of the alveolar bone is taken and an intra-oral scan of the soft tissues is performed (for study purposes). Afterwards, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken. The wound dimension is registered by measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm (for study purposes). One-week post-surgery: One week after ARP, patient's compliance concerning the application of HA 3 times a day is evaluated, as well as the number of painkillers taken. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) will be filled out by patients to register pain, swelling and bleeding after surgery. (for study purposes) Furthermore, a socket wound healing scoring (SWHS, is given to each extraction wound and another occlusal photograph is taken at the end of the consultation. To evaluate the soft tissue closure, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. (for study purposes) Wound closure after 21 days: Three weeks post-surgery, the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the remaining wound is measured with a periodontal probe to the nearest 0.5 mm. For each aspect (mesio-distal and bucco-oral) the percentage wound reduction is calculated as follows: 100 - ((Maximum wound dimension after 21 days \* 100) / maximum wound dimension immediately after ARP) The overall wound reduction is calculated as follows: (Wound reduction at the mesio-distal aspect + wound reduction at the bucco-oral aspect) / 2 SWHS is determined for each wound. Finally, an occlusal clinical photograph is taken. 4 months after surgery: An occlusal photograph is taken to analyze mucosal scarring using the Mucosal Scarring Index (MSI, for study purposes). A second CBCT is made to measure dimensional changes of the alveolar process. A second intra-oral scan is made to measure dimensional changes in buccal soft tissue profile. (standard of care) Data analysis: Depending on the distribution of the data, an independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test will be performed on the following parameters: * Wound reduction after 21 days (primary outcome) * VAS swelling * VAS pain * Number of painkillers consumed * Socket Wound healing score * Mucosal scarring index * Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile * Dimensional changes of the alveolar process For the following categorical variables, a Fisher's exact will be performed: * Compliance * Bleeding
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE
Enrollment
38
Gengigel (hyaluronic acid) will be administered by the patient 3 times per day during 7 days following alveolar ridge preservation
University Hospital
Ghent, Belgium
Wound reduction
performed by measuring the maximum mesio-distal and bucco-oral dimension of the wound immediately after ARP and after 21 days
Time frame: Week 3 after ARP
Compliance
patients will be asked if they applied HA 3 times a day as prescribed? Protocol violations will be recorded to see if they have an impact on the outcome (fully compliant patients versus weakly compliant patients).
Time frame: Week 1
Number of painkillers consumed
Time frame: Week 1
VAS pain
Visual Analogue Scale for pain: the patient has to indicate the intensity of pain perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line
Time frame: Week 1
VAS swelling
Visual Analogue Scale for swelling: the patient has to indicate the amount of swelling perception during the first week after surgery on a 10 cm line
Time frame: Week 1
Bleeding
Patients will be asked if they experienced post-operative bleeding
Time frame: Week 1
Socket wound healing score
This index will be used to assess wound dehiscence, epithelialization, quality of granulation tissue filling the post-extraction socket, and depth between early granulation tissue and wound margin. Assessments will be performed at performed at 7 and 21 days following surgery using a blunt periodontal probe with millimetric markers and scored as a number between 0 (best) and 4 (worst). In contrast to the study from (Afat et al., 2018), this study will not probe inside the healing wound.
Time frame: Week 1 and 3
Mucosal scarring index
The MSI is a composite index based on five parameters: width, height/contour, color, suture marks, and overall appearance. Each parameter is assessed with a 0-1-2 score, yielding an MSI score ranging from 0 (no scar) to 10 (most extreme scar)
Time frame: 4 months
Dimensional changes in the buccal soft tissue profile
Immediately after surgery and at 4 months an intra-oral optical scan of the implant site and neighboring teeth will be taken (Trios, 3shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). The region of interest (ROI) will be defined on the 4-month STL files with a trapezoid shape encompassing the following borders (fig. 2): 0.5 mm apical to the midfacial soft tissue level (coronal), 4 mm apical and parallel to the first line (apical), mesial and distal line angle. This ROI may vary between patients due to anatomical variation but will be kept constant in each patient and site over time. The STL images of baseline and follow-up will be superimposed and matched using the best-fit algorithm at the adjacent tooth surfaces. The linear changes in BSP will be calculated by the software and expressed in mm corresponding to the mean distance between the surfaces representing the evaluated time points.
Time frame: At time of surgery and at 4 months
Dimensional changes of the alveolar process
Comparing CBCT-scan after surgery and after 4 months. First, a line parallel and perpendicular to the tooth axis is drawn. Hereby, bone dimensions can be measured at different vertical heights on the alveolar process. The level of the palatal bone crest at T0 is used as a reference line (level 0). The horizontal dimension of the process is registered at 1, 3, and 5 mm apical to the reference line (level -1, -3, and -5). After performing all measurements on the baseline CBCT (T0), the software will be switched to the superimposed image (T1) so that the measurements can be performed while using the same reference levels
Time frame: Immediately after surgery and at 4 months
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