The purpose of this research study is to determine if ethanol-containing e-cigarettes impact ethanol breath, blood or oral fluid tests, field sobriety tests, or other tests of sobriety. Ethanol is a common part of e-cigarette liquids.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NA
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
12
Beverage with ethanol and E-cigarette liquid with ethanol
Beverage with ethanol and E-cigarette liquid without ethanol
Beverage without ethanol and E-cigarette liquid with ethanol
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia, United States
Blood Alcohol Concentration
Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level was determined 6 times over 6 hours to assess for changes in BAC from use of an e-cigarette containing ethanol compared to the use of an e-cigarette without ethanol.
Time frame: Blood collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215) drinking. The e-cigarette was used at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Breath Alcohol Concentration
Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) was assessed 12 times over 6 hours to determine changes in BrAC from the use of an e-cigarette containing ethanol compared to the use of an e-cigarette without ethanol.
Time frame: Breath was analyzed before (baseline) and after (10, 20, 40, 55, 90, 120, 165, 200, 215, 240, 270 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Oral Fluid Alcohol Concentration (OFAC)
Oral fluid alcohol concentration (OFAC) was assessed 9 times over 6 hours to determine changes in OFAC from the use of an e-cigarette containing ethanol compared to use of an e-cigarette without ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarker (5-Hydroxytryptophol) in Blood
5-Hydroxytryptophol was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid) in Blood
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
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Beverage without ethanol and E-cigarette liquid without ethanol
Time frame: Blood was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Ethyl Sulfate) Analyzed in Blood/ E-cig Containing Ethanol
Ethyl sulfate was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:1) in Blood
Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:1 was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:2) in Blood
Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:2 was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (5-Hydroxytryptophol Glucuronide) Analyzed in Blood
5-Hydroxytryptophol glucuronide was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (5-Hydroxytryptophol) in Blood
Ethyl glucuronide was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking
Ethanol Biomarkers (5-Hydroxytryptophol) in Analyzed in Oral Fluid
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking
Ethanol Biomarkers (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid) Analyzed in Oral Fluid
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Ethyl Sulfate) Analyzed in Oral Fluid
Ethyl sulfate was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participant at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking
Ethanol Biomarkers (Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:1) Analyzed in Blood
Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:1 was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:2) in Oral Fluid
Phosphatidylethanol 16:0-18:2 was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participants at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Ethyl Glucuronide) Analyzed in Blood
Ethyl glucuronide was analyzed in blood 6 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Blood collected before (baseline) and after (0, 40, 55, 200, 215 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participant at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking.
Ethanol Biomarkers (Ethyl Glucuronide) Analyzed in Oral Fluid
Ethyl glucuronide was analyzed in oral fluid 9 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in determined concentrations from use of an electronic cigarette containing ethanol.
Time frame: Oral fluid was collected before (baseline) and after (0, 5, 20, 40, 55, 200, 215, 240 min) drinking. The e-cigarette was used by the participant at 50 and 210 minutes post-drinking
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus
Standard Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) were administered 4 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in objective impairment. The SFST includes the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (a jerking or stuttering type of movement observed in a person's eyes that occurs as a result of consuming alcohol or other nervous system depressants) test. For each test, a law enforcement officer records the number of clues observed. HGN has a maximum of 6 clues, 3 per eye: 1. lack of smooth pursuit 2. distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation 3. onset of nystagmus prior to 45 degrees.
Time frame: Conducted before drinking (baseline), at 20 minutes post-drinking (before first vaping bout), at 55 minutes post-drinking (after the first vaping), and at 215 minutes post-drinking (after second vaping bout).
Walk and Turn Test
Standard Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) were administered 4 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in objective impairment. The SFST includes the walk and turn test (suspect to perform a physical task while simultaneously following instructions and maintaining balance; involves walking a straight line heel-to-toe, turning, and walking back, with officers looking for specific indicators of impairment). For each test, a law enforcement officer records the number of clues observed. WAT has a maximum of 8 clues: 1. inability to balance during the instruction phase 2. starting before the officer has finished the instructions 3. Stopping while walking to regain balance 4. Not touching heel-to-toe 5. Stepping off the line 6. Using arms to balance 7. Losing balance on the turn or turning incorrectly 8. Taking the wrong number of steps
Time frame: Conducted before drinking (baseline), at 20 minutes post-drinking (before first vaping bout), at 55 minutes post-drinking (after the first vaping), and at 215 minutes post-drinking (after second vaping bout).
One Leg Stand Test
Standard Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) were administered 4 times over a course of 6 hours to assess changes in objective impairment. The SFST includes the one-leg stand test (assess balance and coordination, potentially indicating impairment due to alcohol or drugs). For each test, a law enforcement officer records the number of clues observed. OLS has a maximum of 4 clues: Swaying while balancing, Using arms for balance, Hopping 4. Putting the raised foot down
Time frame: Conducted before drinking (baseline), at 20 minutes post-drinking (before first vaping bout), at 55 minutes post-drinking (after the first vaping), and at 215 minutes post-drinking (after second vaping bout).